Inductively Coupled Plasma †Atomic Emission Spectroscopy Essay Example for Free

Inductively Coupled Plasma †Atomic Emission Spectroscopy Essay The point of this useful was to utilize an ICP-OES to play out a multi-basic examination of various kinds of tea. The components that were investigated in the tea were copper, iron, manganese and magnesium. The example is brought into the plasma as an airborne. Argon gas moves through three concentric quartz tubes in the plasma burn. This argon gas ship the example from the nebulizer, goes about as a cooling gas and is likewise a wellspring of electrons and particles for the plasma [1]. An attractive field is made around the plasma burn. The ionization procedure is begun by the start of the argon gas from a flash created by a tesla loop [1]. During this procedure the plasma arrives at an exceptionally high temperature and the example is atomised. The particles are then eager to a higher state. Since this is a discharge investigation, the examination is proceeded as the molecules produce vitality and come back to a lower vitality state or their ground state. A spectrometer or monochromator is utilized to choose the frequency that is being investigated. The multi-component identifier at that point gives us a readout that can be comprehend for every component that is broke down Explain the advantages and restrictions of plasma over a regular fire utilized for FES with photometry and AAS. The advantages of utilizing plasma are that the substance impedances are diminished because of the high temperatures that the plasma ranges and headstrong components can likewise experience excitation. There are additionally numerous frequency for various that can be picked for investigation so you don’t have two components that have frequencies that are near one another as this would meddle with the examination. An impediment is that unearthly cover can happen and the readiness of the examples is an extremely long procedure contrasted with that of the fire spectrometry Information Show the computations for you multi-component standard. Instrument: Perkin Elmer OES (optima 5300 DV) The arrangement of multi-component standard 1000ppm arrangements of (Cu), (Fe),(Mg) and (Mn ) were given. A working standard arrangement containing the whole four components was set up in the accompanying manner; 1 ml, 10 ml and 5 ml of Fe, Mg, and Mn were individually included one 100 ml volumetric flagon. An answer of Cu was arranged independently (middle of the road arrangement) by putting 1 ml of the 1000ppm Cu arrangement in a 100 ml volumetric carafe and made sufficient with refined water, the subsequent fixation was 10ppm. The recipe that was utilized to figure the volume of the 1000ppm Cu arrangement expected to get ready 10ppm arrangement in a 100 ml volumetric jar is; C1V1 = C2V2 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ condition 1 Where C1 is the underlying fixation C2 is the last fixation V1 is the volume of the underlying fixation V2 is the all out volume of the underlying fixation and the dissolvable The volume of the barium required was determined as follows C1V1 = C2V2 1000ppm x V1 = 1ppm x 100ml V1 = 10 ppm x 100 ml 1000 ppm = 1 ml At that point 1 ml of the 10 ppm Cu arrangement was set in the 100 ml volumetric flagon that contained the other three components, and made sufficient with refined water, this was the working standard arrangement. Utilizing condition 1 it is discovered that the groupings of the components in the working standard arrangement are as per the following. Clarify why the kind of test planning completed was fundamental. The Acid processing was reasonable in light of the fact that a total exchange of analyte into the arrangement all together for the assurance venture to be presented in fluid structure is exceptionally attractive and this technique totally moves the analyte into arrangement. This consequently implies the processed example is a finished arrangement of the analyte and has a total decay of the grid anyway with negligible misfortune or debased of the analyte Explain what framework coordinating is and what issues may emerge if this isn't done. Lattice coordinating includes getting ready arrangements in which the significant synthetic sytheses of the guidelines, spaces and tests are made indistinguishable in this way counterbalancing the impact of the example framework on the investigation results. While framework coordinating includes coordinating the solvents, it likewise includes coordinating the groupings of acids and other significant solutes. In the event that where the norm and test grids are very unique or can't be coordinated and obstruction happens subsequently, inside principles can be utilized. Remark on the connection coefficient of your alignment diagrams. The connection coefficient quantifies the quality in the straight connection between two factors. A connection coefficient of 1 would mean an extremely solid direct connection between two factors, which implies the focuses structure an ideal straight line. The relationship coefficients for the alignment charts were generally excellent. The adjustment charts for copper, iron, magnesium, and manganese gave relationship coefficients of 0.991539, 0.991005, 0.999874, and 0.999952 separately. This shows the examples were arranged quite well and that there is a solid direct connection between the emanation and the groupings of the components. Look at the changed components in the various kinds of tea. Which tea would you suggest and why? The tea that is by all accounts generally fundamental for human utilization is the green tea inferable from the high substance of every single component present in it. It has high centralization of manganese which is an imperative substance in the body as it is a protein activator; it keeps bones solid and sound, and furthermore keeps up the strength of our nerves. References 1. Dr L Pillay, Chem 340, Instrumental Analysis, ICP-OES notes 2. http://www.whfoods.com/genpage.php?tname=nutrint dbod=77(accessed 16/04/2013) 3. http://www.chemplex.com/petrochemical/multielementMetal.aspx(accessed 16/04/2013)

Russell, Strawson, and William of Ockham :: Philosophy of Language

Authenticity and traditionalism by and large build up the parameters of discussion over universals. Do digest terms in language allude to digest things on the planet? The pragmatist answers truly, leaving us with an expanded philosophy; the conformist answers no, leaving us with emotional classifications. I need to safeguard nominalism †in its unique medieval sense, as one chance that expects to protect objectivity while placing simply solid people on the planet. Initially, I will introduce paradigmatic explanations of authenticity and traditionalism as created by Russell and Strawson. At that point, I will introduce the nominalist elective as created by William of Ockham. Authenticity and traditionalism are normally taken to be the essential contenders in the discussion over universals. Does extract language allude to digest things on the planet? The pragmatist answers indeed, leaving us with a swelled philosophy, the conformist answers no, leaving us with emotional classes. In this paper I might want to shield a third chance which expects to protect objectivity without increasing articles. It is nominalism, in the first, medieval feeling of the word †or all the more explicitly, in the Ockham feeling of the word. Willard Quine once commented that the nominalists of old . . . article to conceding unique elements by any stretch of the imagination, even in the controlled feeling of brain made entities.(1) This is surely valid for Roscelin, the eleventh-century hostile to pragmatist who broadly declared that an all inclusive is only a fluttering of the vocal harmonies. Furthermore, Quine’s comment is valid for Ockham also, to the extent that he stated that a widespread is only a specific idea in the brain. However musings, regardless of whether specific, are not actually concrete, and they do extract, as per Ockham, in a way that Roscelin’s fluttering vocal ropes don't. I won’t have the option to guard Ockham’s nominalism by discrediting the entirety of the numerous forms of the opposition individually. What I propose to do rather is set it up according to the commended trade between Bertrand Russell and P. F. Strawson. In this trade, Russell and Strawson were attempting to make sense of how a sentence can be significant in any event, when the thing the subject of the sentence alludes to doesn't exist. Russell makes what I take to be the great pragmatist botch; Strawson, the conformist. In what tails I will initially clarify Ockham’s option and afterward show why I think it looks at well against these twentieth-century partners.

How to Earn Money as a Freelance Writer

How to Earn Money as a Freelance Writer Cormac McCarthy, American novelist, Pulitzer Prize winner and playwright, once said, I never had any doubts about my abilities. I knew I could write. I just had to figure out how to eat while doing this.This monumental taskâ€"figuring out how to do what you love (write) and pay the bills while doing itâ€"is one that every writer faces, regardless of ability. However, before making the decision to quit your day job and launch out into the uncharted, and often stormy, waters of freelance writing, there are a few things you should know. Most importantly, you should know that the success you find in the field of freelance writing will be due to a mix of luck, fortitude and networking, and it will take a healthy dose of all three to thrive financially.Freelance websitesIn the Information Age, when everything has turned global, websites that offer freelancers the opportunity to create profiles and bid on jobs can be one of your best resources to earn steady money as a freelance writer. Web sites like Freelancer.com and Guru.com are some of the most commonly used online portals for bidding on freelance writing jobs of all typesâ€"from ghostwriting to copywriting to everything in between. Both of these sites offer limited bid submission for proposals without having to pay a monthly fee; however, if you want to bid on a lot of proposals to increase your chances of getting the work, you will need to pay a small monthly fee to do so. The more proposals you bid on, the more money you will be able to make; so for some writers, this additional fee is worth it.The best thing about websites like these is that the site administrators will ensure that you indeed get paid. They do this through setting up an escrow account in which the client requesting the work has to fund an account with the amount that is owed to you. Once you complete the job to the satisfaction of the client, the website will then release the funds to you. However, both Guru.com and Freelancer.com take a small percentage of the payment as their fee for facilitating the transaction.The current going rate for most projects on freelance websites is approximately .01 - .02 per word. You will be hard-pressed to find clients who are willing to pay more, especially since the sites are international, meaning that there are thousands of international freelancers available through them who are willing to write for that amount if you arent. While there are certainly jobs posted that do offer more money, signing up with the expectation of this amount of payment is your best bet in entering the field with a realistic understanding of what you can make as a freelance writer through these types of websites.While freelance websites can offer you unlimited amounts of freelance writing work, the work itself is often unfulfilling for many writers. Copywriting includes writing online content about different topicsâ€"ranging from law for attorney blogs to sales copy for marketing companies. While the work is often steady, the writing can become extremely boring and repetitive the longer you do it. In addition, most of the clients you will find on these freelance websites want you to ghostwrite the copy, meaning that your name will not be attached to the content. If you want to just be able to work from home as a writer and make money doing it, these websites are a great option; however, if you want to make a name for yourself as a writer, you might try other avenues, such as writing for a magazine.MagazinesFor most freelance writers, writing for a magazine provides a better opportunity than freelance websites to find success as a freelance writer and build a solid reputation. When you publish an article for a magazine, your name is generally placed in the by-line and you are able to share your accomplishment with your friends and family, as well as use it as part of your published work portfolio to gain even more clients.The best way to break into the world of freelance writing for mag azines is to build a relationship with the editor of that magazine. This can be done in several ways but usually starts by sending a résumé and portfolio to him or her, and let the editor know that you are available as a writer for any freelance work that the magazine might have available in the future. If an editor is in need of freelance writers due to not having enough staff writers (which is often the case), he or she is likely to give you an assignment based on this interaction. However, if the editor doesnt immediately give you an assignment, it is up to you to be proactive and begin to look for stories that would catch the attention of the editor and the readership of the magazine.Once you have an idea for a story, go ahead and query the editor with your idea by sending a letter or email with details about the article youd like to write. For an even better chance of getting published in the magazine, write the article before querying. This will not only give the editor a gl impse of your ability but will also help sell your article, if it is written well.Most magazines pay anywhere from $70-$100 for a feature story, so this is a great way to start making decent money as a freelance writer. However, it also requires you to be constantly creative and always observant in order to find the best content to pitch.

Babies Behind Bars - 1831 Words

The rate of women being incarcerated in prisons has dramatically risen over the last decade. While these women are being locked up for crimes ranging from drug possession to murder, they often come into the prison system with children or pregnant. Nationwide, nearly 2 million children have parents in prison. The number of those with incarcerated mothers is growing rapidly. A recent report from the Bureau of Justice Statistics found that the number of minors with mothers in prison increased by more than 100 percent in the last 15 years [ (Schwartzapfel, 2008) ]. While some women must give up their children before or after they enter prison, a handful of women get to keep their children. These women serve their sentences at one of nine†¦show more content†¦She also should not have any serious mental health concerns. A screening committee reviews each case before women are placed in the nursery. The mother must be able to complete her sentence by the time the child is 18 month s old to be eligible (Mothers, Infants and Imprisonment: A National Look at Prison Nurseries and Community-Based Alternative, 2009). Four years later, Pierre, South Dakota opened its prison nursery in the South Dakota Women’s Prison. The Mother-Infant Program is the only prison nursery that doesn’t have a limit to how many infants can stay. However, it has the shortest length of stay being thirty days. Women who give birth while in custody are allowed to participate in the program as long as the mothers crime was non-violent in nature. All expenses related to the babys care are the responsibility of the mother, including health care expenses. Mothers keep their infants in their cells. Other women at the facility are able to take classes to become babysitters and the mothers are able to choose who they would like to act as their babysitter. The Washington Correctional Center for Women in Gig Harbor, Washington, opened its doors to a prison nursery in 1999. To qualify f or the Residential Parenting Program, the mother’s sentence must be completed within three years of giving birth. The women must also be classified as minimum custody and beShow MoreRelatedBirth And Death By Frederic Skinner Essay1020 Words   |  5 PagesBirth and Death Burrhus Frederic Skinner is one of the most influential psychologists to study and practice, the ideology of Behaviorism. The concept behind behaviorism is to understand the thought that emphasizes the importance of experience in governing behavior while, the key role of behaviorism was to the determine the laws that govern learning (Claypoole, 2016). Skinner was born on March 20, 1904 and died on August 18, 1990 due to Leukemia. There are many personal and historical events thatRead MoreThe Worlds Environment Influences How They Behave1629 Words   |  7 Pagesconsidering what occurs in his social environment. During the semester we encounter different case studies, documentaries, and situations that are related to justice. We viewed a documentary called Babies Behind Bars which documented the lives of pregnant women in the Women’s Indiana Prison. In the Babies Behind Bars, we were introduced to a newly implemented program for pregnant mothers called The Wee One’s Nursery. Introduced in 2007, the state of Indiana Women’s Prison holding 670 women prisoners putRead MoreEssay About Children1409 Words   |  6 Pagesmeeting for the whole town to celebrate the children. This celebration is to introduce the children to a new item. When someone turns twelve in District 16 the government chooses a sport for that child to play. A family named the Smiths just got a new baby from the government to raise. 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Evaluative Essay Topics Fundamentals Explained

Evaluative Essay Topics Fundamentals Explained Choosing Evaluative Essay Topics Clearly monitoring and evaluation frameworks have a good deal of possible pitfalls. In addition, the researcher may misinterpret the social phenomena they're studying and therefore have difficulties establishing the actual significance of that specific social circumstance. Qualitative research examines the micro sociological context. Qualitative research may also be criticised due to its lack of representativeness of the bigger population, as qualitative research typically deals with micro social problems that cannot be generalised to the wider population since they are context specific. Before you commence giving your opinion on something, folks should have some sort of idea of what you're referring to. In any event, however, the skills are there. 1 thing I find that's helpful for students is having a very clear template. The students want to realize that the instructor is somebody who lives a nd breathes whatever it's they're studying, that they have in their midst someone that has an abundance of expertise. Evaluative Essay Topics - Dead or Alive? You have to be careful to clearly cite quality, or the shortage of, with respect to the particular topic you're writing about. Anevaluation essay is an ideal method that may ascertain if one has leadership qualities. No matter what kind of evaluative paper you have gotten, our experienced and talented writers will be able to help you with that. Since a thesis is so crucial, it's probably an excellent idea to examine some ideas on how to assemble a strong one. The Hidden Treasure of Evaluative Essay Topics It is possible to also find different discounts on our site which will help you to save some more money for future orders or anything you want to spend them on. Order top-notch essay at the moment and certified specialists will do their very best to supply you with higher quality at fair price. Our customer support wi ll gladly tell you whether there are any special offers at the present time, in addition to make sure you are getting the very best service our business can deliver. When choosing a topic for an evaluation essay, it's important to center on a particular organization, service, product or policy. One more thing you've got to take into account is whether the origin of the essay is reliable. Nowadays, students who should comply at any essay writing task consult various essay samples. In this manner, you will For the main reason that evaluation essay is basically geared toward analyzing any topic, article or book, a large number of students confuse such a paper with a review. The first thing which you have to do when writing an evaluation essay is to be knowledgeable in regards to the topic you will write about. You will locate many evaluative commentary essay samples on our website, which will readily allow you to begin with your paper. To steer clear of common essay mistakes, a number of the things you should always remind yourself when writing an evaluation essay are given below. Descriptive essay is just one of the most troublesome varieties of essays. Similar to any other essay an evaluation essay should stick to a format. The rationale behind this is that speech isn't only judged dependent on the text, as you would do with a book, but instead, a speech evaluation essay may be used to rate the man who created and delivered it. You have to think about a position it's possible to back up with reasoning and evidence. When one writes a personal kind of essay, the initial impression is it is entirely devoted to self expression and devoid of any kind of technicality. Evaluative language essay writing requires you to have a great idea about judgment. The Evaluative Essay Topics Chron icles Writing about a topic that you understand about is also beneficial. Students lead busy lives and frequently forget about an approaching deadline. If you're want to learn how to compose great essays for college there are a number of online sites that may help you to grasp the idea. There are various sorts of essays that could be part of a student writing task. Among the other things about deep understanding which makes it different from several other flavors of research is it doesn't grow stale. It may be an intellectual challenge, a research query, an ethical dilemma anything that's of personal significance, regardless of the scale. Next you ought to assert yourself by making the ideal judgement. You are the person making the judgement about the subject, it is all up to you to back up your argument in a means which will allow other people to create their own opinion. The Lost Secret of Evaluative Essay Topics As you pay for homework, we provide those options free of charge. Becoming in a position to present details, comments, and information that's directly linked to the type of evaluation essay that you're writing can help you make a highly-usable output. It is going to also be easier that you think of an evaluation that could be trusted by your readers. Produce a highly-usable and efficient evaluation essay by directly providing the requirements of your readers. Therefore, it's essential to start from some general qualities of the object, and proceed to certain features. The whole article ought to be expressed in a fashion that is both structured and smooth. You've got to spell out how you had the ability to make the evaluation including the specification of the facets that you've considered within the entirety of the evaluation and writing process. Provide background information regarding your topic or subject before you get started evaluating. Finding the Best Evaluative Essay Topics Whatever you decide to write about, you'll need to supply a crucial judgement based on a collection of criteria so it's essential to either select a topic which you know well or the one which you'll be in a position to research. In order to rate a topic or try to pass judgment, writers will need to detail criteria where the topic is going to be evaluated. As much as possible, research about the topic of discussion so it is simple to recognize the characteristics that you are able to evaluate and the criteria which you will use for evaluation. Restaurant evaluation papers are straightforward and simple to write.

Analysis of White River in Southeastern South Dakota Free Essays

Analysis of White River in southeasterly South Dakota Your house has been asked to subject a proposal to holistically measure the White River in southeasterly South Dakota for two concerns viz. , Groundwater resources and quality, and Surface H2O quality concerns. Introduction Water is one of our chiefly important natural assets. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of White River in Southeastern South Dakota or any similar topic only for you Order Now If our planet would be missing it, there would be no life nowadays on this planet Earth. It’s the responsibility of Hydrologists to analyze all features of H2O organic structures present at site and its relation to geography, geology, topography, biological science, and chemical science. It’s the responsibility of Hydrologists to understand the job nowadays at site and so work out the job by using applicable proficient cognition and mathematical rules to work out water-related jobs in civilisation. These jobs include the measure, quality, and handiness of H2O. The chief undertaking of the study is to measure the Groundwater resources and quality, the 2nd portion of this study is to measure the Surface H2O quality of White River in southeasterly South Dakota. The squad of applied scientists is examining the White River in southeasterly South Dakota for two concerns viz. groundwater resources and surface H2O quality concerns. White River has expressed no serious apprehensivenesss about the possible contacts of any prospect development on the southeasterly South Dakota. Thus it is the demand of clip to set about a hydrological and hydrogeological appraisal, working to a brief agreed with Natural resources nowadays in southeasterly South Dakota. Scope of work The program of the survey is to fix a preliminary appraisal of the possible hydrological and hydrogeological facets of White River in southeasterly South Dakota. The undermentioned range was proposed: On-site function of H2O organic structures, catchments, flow way, precipitation and overflow, infiltration and petrology of dirt strata so that all of the little watercourses taking into the river and milieus are clearly understood. The exercising of long term rainfall and vaporization statistics to measure the effectual rainfall and, by agencies of suited overflow coefficients, to think watercourse flows. These should be contrasted with the field based observations to heighten a reasonable cognition of the hydrology of the site. Prepare 1:10000 geological maps to depict the boundaries of dirt strata. Commence trial cavities to prove theoretical boundaries and deepness of impermeable strata. Install four or more boreholes into the land to show baseline statistics and trying place. Trial land Wellss for finding the land H2O table conditions. Field Observation Surveys Field observation studies are carried out in order to roll up informations in signifier of geological maps, hydrological maps and terrain of the proposed site. The informations can so be acquired establishing upon the relevant undertaking. The chief purpose of this study is to roll up informations for the land H2O and surface H2O. The undertakings required to transport out such undertakings are given in the proposal below: Topography A ; Hydrology Mapping The subdivision is divided into two chief headers i.e. Topography and Hydrology, when discoursing topography we mean the status and type of the terrain which may be picturing degrees of the land, hills, vales, woods and H2O organic structures. The topographical function is necessary to place the surface groundwater flows and their speeds. The surface groundwater is related with the overflow measure and precipitation. Hydrology is the 2nd facet of this heading under which we will discourse the conditions that chiefly relate to the deepness of the dirt H2O degree below the land surface. Barsoum et Al ( 2005 ) note that for alder, the H2O degree demands to be near to the surface when the trees are immature, but deeper when to the full grown. Optimum growing of seedlings occurs when H2O degrees are 10-30 centimeter below the surface. ( Eymard 1969 ) Geological Function The geological sequence relevant to the site must be determined so infiltration rate can warrant, H2O infiltration, sub surface flows and to find the strength of the strata for future development if any. The geology plays an of import function when depicting the hydrological information for the fact that submerged aquifers, watercourses and hot spring can be identified which are natural resources and can be utilized. The information will assist in finding of the quality of sub surface and surface H2O quality. Hydrological Survey The Hydrological study is the chief part of the proposal and is further divided into parts so as to understand easy: 3.1 Groundwater Groundwater hydrology believes steps groundwater flow and silt conveyance. Problems in decoding the saturated zone comprise of categorization of aquifers in footings of flow way, groundwater force per unit area and, by decision groundwater astuteness. ( Peter 2012 ) Determinations here can be made utilizing a piezometer. Groundwater location can besides be found by delving trial Wellss at close intervals and so utilizing these Wellss in similar manner as that of piezometer, the rise of H2O degree in good will order the deepness of land H2O tabular array. 3.2 Infiltration The infiltration of H2O from overflow into the dirt is a important subject. In a figure of state of affairss a dry dirt may non soak up rainfall every bit thirstily as a dirt that is antecedently wet. Permeation can sometimes be calculated by an infiltrometer. ( Peter 2012 ) 3.3 Precipitation and vaporization Precipitation is the word used to specify the rainfall strength in footings of inches or centimetres, it is normally defined in footings of deepness of H2O that can be collected if H2O beads are collected one above the other in a perpendicular chamber besides known as rain gage for a specific period of clip. Precipitation information is really utile when pulling storm hydrograph charts. Vaporization is a important fraction of the H2O rhythm. It is partly affected by moistness. A direct finding of vaporization can be taken by utilizing Symon ‘s vaporization pan. ( Peter 2012 ) Remote feeling Distant detection can supply cherished information about hydrological survey by utilizing land based detectors, airborne detectors and satellite detectors. Information sing catchment country, H2O organic structure, forestation, accidents and bad lucks can be achieved with preciseness and truth utilizing distant feeling techniques. Water Quality Determination The last phase of our survey once the information from preliminary phases are collected and arranged is H2O quality finding survey. In hydrology, surveies of H2O quality concern organic and inorganic compounds, and both dissolved and sediment stuff. Besides, H2O quality is affected by the communicating of dissolved O with organic stuff and a assortment of chemical alterations that may happen. Biological O demand is a tool for finding the quality of H2O, this trial is a simple method which depicts the sum of dissolved O used up by the bacteriums present in H2O. ( David and Charles 1969 ) Work Plan and Schedule of Activities The program of the work is divided based upon the squad members company has. The chief activities of the work are shown below: Land and Topographical Survey Geotechnical Investigation of Site Land Water Table Location Determination Hydrological Survey Hydrogeological Survey Water Quality Investigation The squads are distributed as per the work appellation which includes the responsibilities of the Civil applied scientists, hydrologists, Surveyors, Planners, GIS Specialists, CAD operators, Riggers and Technician staff. Hydrologists may be discerning with judgment H2O supplies for white river and irrigated farms, or intriguing river implosion therapy or dirt have oning off. They will be working in environmental munition, assisting to halt or cut down pollution or place sites for safe clearance of unsafe wastes. Hydrologists may necessitate shovels to computing machines and mass spectrometers, and latest tools are being urbanised every twenty-four hours. Geographic Information Systems ( GIS ) Professionals will work with affiliated systems and plans to bring forth and go on informations and maps that can be shared with physically referenced informations. GIS package has the ability to narrate diverse types of informations such as socioeconomic, demographic, administrative or political boundaries, land usage, land screen, environmental, substructure, and transit webs. GIS Specialists perform the undermentioned undertakings: Generate maps, exposures and graphs, utilizing GIS package and connected cogwheel. Congregate with users to qualify information demands, undertaking demands, required consequences, or to construct up applications. Accomplish Research to place and acquire accessible databases. Collect, analyze, and set together spacial informations from employees and make up one’s mind how most first-class the information can be displayed utilizing GIS. Bring together geographic informations from a diverseness of resources including nose counts, field observation, satellite imagination, aerial exposure, and bing maps. Examine spacial informations for geographic statistics to slot in into certificates and studies. Plan and Schedule of Activities The activities are shown in the signifier of Gantt chart is given below: img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1050458.001.png"/ Premises: The Undertaking starts on January 2014. The Work Calendar is 5 yearss a hebdomad with a work twenty-four hours peers to 8hrs. There are no excess vacations in the Schedule. The utmost conditions conditions are besides non encountered in the undertaking. Budget Allocation 77 Dayss As per the undertaking outline the payment policy is shown below: Civil Engineering undertaking director ( you ) $ 150 per hr Civil Engineer in developing $ 40 per hr Civil Engineer ( PE ) $ 100 per hr Research Scientist $ 60 per hr Survey technician $ 25 per hr CAD and GIS technicians $ 20 per hr Support Staff $ 15 per hr Transportation system costs should be billed at $ 0.40 per stat mi with sensible allowance for hotels, nutrient, and other necessary costs Overhead add 40 % to overall cost The agenda dictates that the undertaking will take no more than 77 on the job yearss if the work is carried out as per the agenda. From the analysis it is observed that an estimation of 85 working yearss can be taken as the undertaking clip. The excess yearss which have been added are merely to counterbalance eventualities found during the undertaking timeline. Now as per 85 yearss the figure of work hours will be about 680 work hours. Thus the Project budget is tabulated below for the reader: Sr. # Appellation Pay per hr ( $ ) Work Hours Required ( hour ) Entire Pay ( $ ) Undertaking Manager 150 680 102000 Undertaking Engineer 100 680 68000 Trainee Engineer 40 680 27200 Research Scientist 60 520 31200 Survey Assistant 25 600 15000 GIS Assistant 20 600 12000 CAD Assistant 20 600 12000 Support Staff 15 550 8250 Transportation system 0.4 / myocardial infarction 600 myocardial infarction 240 Eventuality 40 % 110356 Grand Total 386246 Therefore the undertaking budget is about $ 386,246, the computation is shown above for the reader. Mentions: Brooks, K. N. , Ffolliott, P. F. , A ; Magner, J. A. ( 2012 ) . Hydrology and the Management of Watersheds: Wiley. De Wit, A. ( 1996 ) . Measurement of undertaking success. International diary of undertaking direction, 6 ( 3 ) , 164-170. Eymard, L. ( 1996 ) . Study of the air-sea interactions at the mesoscale: The SEMAPHORE experiment.Annales Geophysicae. Springer-Verlag, 14( 9 ) . Hendricks, S. P. , and David S. White. ( 1991 ) . Physicochemical forms within a hyporheic zone of a northern Michigan river, with remarks on surface H2O forms.Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 48( 9 ) , 1645-1654. Munns, A. K. B. F. B. ( 1996 ) . The function of undertaking direction in accomplishing undertaking success.International diary of undertaking direction, 14( 2 ) , 81-87. Straker, E. W. I. ( 1969 ) .A Monograph on the Former Ironworks in the Counties of Sussex, Surrey and Kent, Consisting a History of the Industry from the Earliest Times to Its Cessation ; Together with a Topographical Survey of the Existing Remains from Personal Observation: David A ; Charles, . Vorosmarty, C. J. , and Berrien Moore III. ( 1997 ) . Modeling basin-scale hydrology in support of physical clime and planetary biogeochemical surveies: An illustration utilizing the Zambezi River.Surveies in Geophysics, 12.1( 3 ) , 271-311. How to cite Analysis of White River in Southeastern South Dakota, Essay examples

The Importance of Evaluating Human Resource Management

The Importance of Evaluating Human Resource Management The effectiveness of human resource management (HRM) needs to be evaluated due to the following reasons. First, it helps the organization to determine if its HRM practices are credible (Gibbs, 2010, pp. 58-75).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Importance of Evaluating Human Resource Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is achieved through internal and external evaluations on the HRM practices. While the internal evaluation concentrates on the costs and benefits of HRM, external evaluation concentrates on the overall contribution of the HRM to an organization. Second, the effectiveness of HRM is evaluated to enhance the performance of the business (Gibbs, 2010, pp. 58-75). It helps the firm to adjust its human resources accordingly in order to increase its profits, market share and quality of products. Finally, the evaluation helps the firm to e nsure that its employees’ skills meet the requirements of the organization (Gibbs, 2010, pp. 58-75). The effectiveness of HRM is measured by the following criteria. First, the evaluation should measure employees’ commitment. In this case the evaluation will seek to determine the degree to which organizational policies facilitate employees’ commitment to the firm (Mclean, 2006, pp. 143-156). Second, the competency levels should be measured. Competency measures the ability of HRM policies to attract and retain talented employees. Third, the cost effectiveness of the HRM system should be considered. This measures the â€Å"fiscal proficiency of HRM policies in terms of wages, benefits, turnover and absenteeism† (Mclean, 2006, pp. 143-156). Finally, the evaluation should measure congruence. This means that the evaluation should analyze the ability of HRM policies to promote and maintain cooperation both within and without the organization (Mclean, 2006, pp. 1 43-156). The assessment process should also evaluate the efficiency of the HRM system in terms of its ability to reduce the time needed for a give task. The HRM system is considered effective it satisfies these criterions.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Managing Occupational Health and Safety Managing occupational health is one of the responsibilities of the human resources department and it focuses on protecting the welfare of the employees and their families. Most organizations focus on occupational health and safety management since it is a legal requirement (Robson, Clarke and Cullen, 2007, pp. 329-353). The labor laws require all employers to provide a safe and secure work environment. Failure to observe this requirement can lead to sever consequences such as cancelation of licenses. Organizations also focus on occupational health and safety management in order to prev ent injuries or loss of life at the workplace (Robson, Clarke and Cullen, 2007, pp. 329-353). Even though occupational health and safety management involves a lot of costs, it is associated with the following benefits. It helps companies to avoid losses attributed to injuries at the workplace (Dellve, Skagert and Eklof, 2009, pp. 965-970). Such injuries can lead to expensive law suites and compensations for damages if the court rules in favor of the injured employee. Research indicates that the physical wellbeing of employees has a direct impact on their productivity (Dellve, Skagert and Eklof, 2009, pp. 965-970). This means that healthy employees will perform better as compared to those with poor health conditions. Occupational health and safety management practices such as behavior change programs help in improving employees’ health. This translates into high productivity by preventing reduction in productivity due to cases of sicknesses (Dellve, Skagert and Eklof, 2009, pp . 965-970).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Importance of Evaluating Human Resource Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Besides, the employees will be highly motivated if their health and safety is guaranteed at the workplace. For example, workers in a chemical plant will be motivated to work if they are protected from the side effects of the chemicals they manufacture. Protecting the health and safety of workers also helps in improving the image of the firm. Work Designs Apart from managing occupational health and safety, the human resources department is also responsible for designing work for employees. Work design involves â€Å"dividing the roles and responsibilities among the employees or members of various groups in an organization† (Robertson, 2000, pp. 121-146). Over the last two decades, the process of work design has tremendously changed in response to changes in the roles of human resources department, organizational needs and the business environment. Job evaluation for instance has become an integral part of work design. It has become the basis for determining pay grades, responsibilities and even working conditions (Robertson, 2000, pp. 121-146). The roles of the stakeholders in work design have also changed significantly. The managers have since increased their participation in the work design process since they are the main users of the information resulting from the process (Robertson, 2000, pp. 121-146). The role of the human resources officers has changed from dictating what should be done to giving guidance on how to embrace best practice. The process of designing work in future will be influenced by the following factors or challanges. First, technological advancements will change the methods of production or service provision and this will impact on the roles of employees (Lewig, Xanthopoulou and Bakker, 2007, pp. 429-445). Thus the challenge in wo rk design will be how to avoid duplication of roles, prevent competition between machines and employees as well as utilizing the full potential of employees. Second, globalization presents the challenge of meeting international standards in work design (Lewig, Xanthopoulou and Bakker, 2007, pp. 429-445).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As globalization increases, firms will need flexible and internationally accepted work designs. Finally, economic factors such as high competition will lead to more mergers and takeovers. Thus the human resources department will face the challenge of designing work that takes into account the skills of employees from diverse backgrounds. Performance Management It is the responsibility of the human resources department to manage the performance of employees in order to enhance high productivity. Performance management is linked to other functions of human resources management and this can be explained as follows. To begin with, performance management is linked to the process of employee recruitment (Nankerris and Stanton, 2010, pp. 136-151). Based on the performance of existing employees and the needs of the organization, the human resources department will be able to identify and hire the right employees. Performance evaluation being part of performance management helps in developin g the goals and objectives of staff training and development (Nankerris and Stanton, 2010, pp. 136-151). This is because it helps in identifying the training needs of the employees. It also helps in developing motivational and reward strategies. Performance management can help in assessing the effect of various reward strategies. Managing the performance of employees is always characterized by the following challenges. Most organizations lack talented employees with sufficient knowledge of labor laws (Mitlacher, 2006, pp. 67-81). Such organizations are not able to conduct performance management in line with the legal framework. Some human resources officers also lack essential performance management skills especially in performance appraisals (Mitlacher, 2006, pp. 67-81). Most systems used in performance appraisals are less effective since they do not capture all aspects of the employees’ performance (Mitlacher, 2006, pp. 67-81). This undermines the integrity of performance m anagement. Effective performance management is also adversely affected by lack of resources to support it which leads to poor outcomes. References Dellve, L., Skagert, K. and Eklof, M. 2009. The impact of systematic occupational health and safety management for occupational disorders and long-term work attendance. Social Science and Medicine. 67(6), pp. 965-970. Gibbs, S. 2010. Evaluating HRM effectiveness: the stereotype connection. Employee Relations. 22(1), pp. 58-75. Lewig, K., Xanthopoulou, D. and Bakker, A. 2007. Burnout and connectedness among Australian volunteers: a test of the job demands. Journal of Vocational Behavior. 71(3), pp. 429-445. Mclean, M. 2006. Evaluating the importance and performance of the human resources function: an examinations of a medium sized Scottish retailer. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services. 13(2), pp. 143-156. Mitlacher, L. 2006. The organization of human resource management in temporary work agencies. Human Resource Management Review. 1 6(1), pp. 67-81. Nankerris, A. and Stanton, P. 2010. Managing employee performance in small organizations: challenges and opportunities. International Journal of Human Resource Development and Management. 10(2), pp. 136-151. Robertson, T. 2000. Building bridges: negotiating the gap between work practice and technology design. International Journal of Human-Computer studies. 53(1), pp. 121-146. Robson, L., Clarke, J. and Cullen, K. 2007. The effectiveness of occupational health and safety management system interventions: a systematic review. Safety Science. 45(3), pp.329-353. This essay on The Importance of Evaluating Human Resource Management was written and submitted by user Orlando Charles to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Aztec Sacrifice - The Meaning of Ritual Human Killings

Aztec Sacrifice - The Meaning of Ritual Human Killings Aztec sacrifices were famously a part of the Aztec culture, famous in part because of deliberate propaganda out of the Spanish conquistadors in Mexico, who at the time were involved in executing heretics and opponents in bloody ritual displays as part of the Spanish Inquisition. The over-emphasis on the role of human sacrifice has led to a distorted view of Aztec society: but it is also true that violence formed a regular and ritualized part of life in Tenochtitlan. Key Takeaways: Aztec Sacrifice Sacrifices were a regular and ritualized part of life in 15th- and 16th-century Aztec capital cities.  The numbers and extent of the practice were almost certainly inflated by Spanish conquistadors.  Reasonable estimates are between 1000 and 20,000 human sacrifices per year in Tenochitlan; the Spanish claimed much more.The main religious purpose was to renew and sustain life, and to communicate with the gods.  As a political tool, sacrifice was used terrorize Aztec subjects and legitimize the Aztec rulers and the state itself. How Common Was Human Sacrifice? As many Mesoamerican people did, the Aztec/Mexica believed that sacrifice to the gods was necessary to ensure the continuity of the world and the balance of the universe. They distinguished between two types of sacrifice: those involving humans and those involving animals or other offerings. Human sacrifices included both self-sacrifice, such as bloodletting, in which people would cut or perforate themselves; as well as the sacrifice of the lives of other human beings. Although both were quite frequent, the second one gained the Aztecs the fame of being a bloodthirsty and brutal people who worshiped cruel deities. Meaning of Aztec Sacrifices For the Aztecs, human sacrifice fulfilled multiple purposes, both at the religious and socio-political level. They considered themselves the â€Å"elected† people, the people of the Sun who had been chosen by the gods to feed them and by doing so were responsible for the continuity of the world. On the other hand, as the Mexica became the most powerful group in Mesoamerica, human sacrifice acquired the added value of political propaganda: requiring subject states to offer up human sacrifice was a way to maintain control over them. The rituals connected with the sacrifices included the so-called Flowery Wars intended not to kill the enemy but rather to obtain slaves and live war captives for sacrifices. This practice served to subjugate their neighbors and send a political message to both their own citizens as well as foreign leaders. A recent cross-cultural study by Watts et al. (2016) argued that human sacrifice also propped up and supported the elite class structure. But Pennock (2011) argues that to simply write off Aztecs as bloodthirsty and uncivilized mass murderers misses the central purpose of human sacrifice in Aztec society: as a deeply held belief system and part of the requirements for the renewal, sustaining and refreshing of life. Forms of Aztec Sacrifices Chac-Mool (divine messenger bearing offerings) in stone with traces of colour, Sanctuary of Tlaloc, Templo Mayor, Tenochtitlan (Mexico City), Mexico. Aztec civilization, ca 1390 CE. De Agostino / G. Dagli Orti / De Agostini Picture Library / Getty Images Plus Human sacrifice among the Aztec usually involved death by heart extraction. The victims were chosen carefully according to their physical characteristics and how they related to the gods to whom they would be sacrificed. Some gods were honored with brave war captives, other with slaves. Men, women, and children were sacrificed, according to the requirements. Children were specially chosen to be sacrificed to Tlaloc, the rain god. The Aztecs believed that the tears of newborn or very young children could ensure rain. The most important place where sacrifices took place was the Huey Teocalli at the Templo Mayor (Great Temple) of Tenochtitlan. Here a specialist priest removed the heart from the victim and threw the body down the steps of the pyramid; and the victims head was cut off and placed on the tzompantli, or skull rack. Mock Battles and Flowery Wars However, not all sacrifices took place on top of pyramids. In some cases, mock-battles were organized between the victim and a priest, in which the priest fought with real weapons and the victim, tied to a stone or a wooden frame, fought with wooden or feathered ones. Children sacrificed to Tlaloc were often carried to the god’s sanctuaries on top of the mountains that surround Tenochtitlan and the Basin of Mexico in order to be offered to the god. The chosen victim would be treated as a personification on earth of the god until the sacrifice took place. The preparation and purification rituals often lasted more than one year, and during this period the victim was taken care of, fed, and honored by servants. The Sun Stone of Motecuhzoma Ilhuicamina (or Montezuma I, who ruled between 1440-1469) is an enormous carved monument discovered at the Templo Mayor in 1978. It features elaborate carvings of 11 enemy city-states and likely served as a gladiatorial stone, a dramatic platform for gladiatorial combat between Mexica warriors and captives. Most ritual killings were practiced by religious specialists, but Aztec rulers themselves often took part in the dramatic ritual sacrifices such as the dedication of Tenochtitlans Templo Mayor in 1487. Ritual human sacrifice also took place during elite feasting, as part of a display of power and material wealth. Categories of Human Sacrifice Mexican archaeologist Alfredo Là ³pez Austin (1988) described four types of Aztec sacrifice: images, beds, owners of skin, and payments. Images (or ixpitla) are sacrifices in which the victim was costumed as a particular god, becoming transformed into the deity at a magic ritual time. These sacrifices repeated the ancient mythical time when a god died so his force would be reborn, and the death of the human-god impersonators allowed the rebirth of the god. The second category was what Là ³pez Austin called the beds of the gods, referring to retainers, those victims killed in order to accompany an elite personage to the underworld. The owners of skins sacrifice is that associated with Xipe Totec, those victims whose skins were removed and worn as costumes in rituals. These rituals also provided body part war trophies, in which the warriors who captured the victim were awarded a femur to display at home. Human Remains as Evidence Apart from the Spanish and indigenous texts describing rituals involving human sacrifice, there is also ample archaeological evidence for the practice. Recent investigations at the Templo Mayor have identified the burials of high-ranking personages who were ritually buried following cremation. But the majority of human remains found in Tenochtitlan excavations were sacrificed individuals, some beheaded and some with their throats cut. One offering at the Templo Mayor (#48) contained the remains of approximately 45 children sacrificed to  Tlaloc. Another at  Tlatelolcos Temple R, dedicated to the Aztec god of the rain, Ehecatl-Quetzalcoatl, contained 37 children and six adults. This sacrifice was carried out at Temple Rs dedication during the great drought and famine of 1454–1457 CE. The Tlatelolco project has identified thousands of human burials which were ritually deposited or sacrificially offered. In addition, evidence of human blood residue at the House of the Eagles in Tenochtitlans ceremonial precinct indicates bloodletting activities. Là ³pez Austins fourth category was sacrificial debt payments. These types of sacrifices are epitomized by the creation myth of Quetzalcoatl (the Feathered Serpent) and Tezcatlipoca (Smoking Mirror) who transformed into serpents and tore apart the earth goddess, Tlaltecuhtli, angering the rest of the Aztec pantheon. To make amends, the Aztecs needed to feed Tlaltecuhtlis endless hunger with human sacrifices, thereby staving off total destruction. How Many? According to some Spanish records, 80,400 people were slaughtered at the dedication of the Templo Mayor, a number likely exaggerated by either the Aztecs or the Spanish, both of whom had reason to inflate the numbers. The number 400 had a significance to Aztec society, meaning something like too many to count or the biblical notion involved in the word legion. There is no doubt that an unusually high number of sacrifices did occur, and 80,400 could be construed to mean 201 times too many to count. Based on the Florentine codex, scheduled rituals included a figure of around 500 victims a year; if those rituals were conducted in each of the calpulli districts of the city, that would be multiplied by 20. Pennock argues persuasively for an annual number of victims in Tenochtitlan of between 1,000 and 20,000. Edited and updated by K. Kris Hirst Sources Ball, Tanya Corissa. The Power of Death: Hierarchy in the Representation of Death in Pre- and Post-Conquest Aztec Codices. Multilingual Discourses 1.2 (2014): 1–34. Print.Berdan, Frances F. Aztec Archaeology and Ethnohistory. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014. Print.Boone, Elizabeth Hill, and Rochelle Collins. The Petroglyphic Prayers on the Sun Stone of Motecuhzoma Ilhuicamina. Ancient Mesoamerica 24.2 (2013): 225–41. Print.De Lucia, Kristin. Everyday Practice and Ritual Space: The Organization of Domestic Ritual in Pre-Aztec Xaltocan, Mexico. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 24.03 (2014): 379–403. Print.Klein, Cecelia F. Gender Ambiguity and the Toxcatl Sacrifice. Tezcatlipoca: Trickster and Supreme Deity. Ed. Baquedano, Elizabeth. Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2014. 135–62. Print.Là ³pez Austin, Alfredo. The Human Body and Ideology: Concepts of the Ancient Nahuas. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1988.Pennock, Caroline Dodds. Mass Murder or Religious Homicide? Rethinking Human Sacrifice and Interpersonal Violence in Aztec Society. Historical Social Research / Historische Sozialforschung 37.3 (141) (2012): 276–302. Print. Schwartz, Glenn M. The Archaeological Study of Sacrifice. Annual Review of Anthropology 46.1 (2017): 223–40. Print.Watts, Joseph, et al. Ritual Human Sacrifice Promoted and Sustained the Evolution of Stratified Societies. Nature 532.7598 (2016): 228–31. Print.

The Complete Guide toSAT Math Word Problems

The Complete Guide toSAT Math Word Problems SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips About 25% of your total SAT Math section will be word problems, meaning you will have to create your own visuals and equations to solve for your answers. Though the actual math topics can vary, SAT word problems share a few commonalities, and we’re here to walk you through how to best solve them. This post will be your complete guide to SAT Math word problems. We'll coverhow to translate word problems into equations and diagrams, the different types of math word problems you’ll see on the test, and how to go about solving your word problems on test day. Feature Image: Antonio Litterio/Wikimedia What Are SAT Math Word Problems? A word problem is any math problem based mostly or entirely on a written description. You will not be provided with an equation, diagram, or graph on a word problem and must instead use your reading skills to translate the words of the question into a workable math problem. Once you do this, you can then solve it. You will be given word problems on the SAT Math section for a variety of reasons. For one, word problems test your reading comprehension and your ability to visualize information. Secondly, these types of questionsallow test makers to ask questions that'd be impossible to ask with just a diagram or an equation. For instance, if a math question asks you to fit as many small objects into a larger one as is possible, it'd be difficult to demonstrate and ask this with only a diagram. Translating Math Word Problems Into Equations or Drawings In order to translate your SAT word problems into actionable math equations you can solve, you’ll need to understand and know how to utilize some key math terms. Whenever you see these words, you can translate them into the proper mathematical action. For instance, the word "sum" means the value when two or more items are added together. So if you need to find the sum of a and b, you’ll need to set up your equation like this: a+b. Also, note that many mathematical actions have more than one term attached, whichcan be used interchangeably. Here is a chart with all the key terms and symbols you should know for SAT Math word problems: Key Terms Mathematical Action Sum, increased by, added to, more than, total of + Difference, decreased by, less than, subtracted from − Product, times, __ times as much, __ times as many (a number, e.g., â€Å"three times as many†) * or x Divided by, per, __ as many, __ as much (a fraction, e.g., â€Å"one-third as much†) / or à · Equals, is, are, equivalent = Is less than Is greater than Is less than or equal to ≠¤ Is greater than or equal to ≠¥ Now, let's look at these math terms in action using a few official examples: We can solve this problem by translating the information we're given into algebra. We know the individual price of each salad and drink, and the total revenue made from selling 209 salads and drinks combined. So let's write this out in algebraic form. We'll say that the number of salads sold = S, and the number of drinks sold = D. The problem tells us that 209 salads and drinks have been sold, which we can think of as this: S+D= 209 Finally, we've been told that a certain number of S and Dhave been sold and have brought in a total revenue of 836 dollars and 50 cents. We don't know the exact numbers of S and D, but we do know how much each unit costs. Therefore, we can write this equation: 6.50S + 2D = 836.5 We now have two equations with the same variables (S and D). Since we want to know how many salads were sold, we'll need to solve forD so that we can use this information to solve for S. The first equation tells us what S and D equal when added together, but we can rearrange this to tell us what justD equals in terms of S: S+D= 209 Now, just subtractS from both sides to get what Dequals: D = 209−S Finally, plug this expression in for D into our other equation, and then solve for S: 6.50S+ 2(209 −S)= 836.5 6.50S+ 418− 2S= 836.5 6.50S− 2S = 418.5 4.5S = 418.5 S = 93 The correct answer choice is (B) 93. This word problem asks us to solve for one possible solution (it asks for "a possible amount"), so we know right away that there will be multiple correct answers. Wyatt can husk at least 12 dozen ears of corn and at most 18 dozen ears of corn per hour. If he husks 72 dozen at a rate of 12 dozen an hour, this is equal to 72 / 12 = 6 hours. You could therefore write 6 as your final answer. If Wyatt husks 72 dozen at a rate of 18 dozen an hour (the highest rate possible he can do), this comes out to 72 / 18 = 4 hours. You could write 4 as your final answer. Since the minimum time it takes Wyatt is 4 hours and the maximum time is 6 hours, any number from 4 to 6 would be correct. Though the hardest SAT word problems might look like Latin to you right now, practice and study will soon have you translating them into workable questions. Typical SAT Word Problems Word problems on the SAT can be grouped into three major categories: Word problems for which you must simply set up an equation Word problems for which you must solve for a specific value Word problems for which you must define the meaning of a value or variable Below, we look at each world problem type and give you examples. Word Problem Type 1: Setting Up an Equation This is a fairly uncommon type of SAT word problem, but you’ll generally see it at least once on the Math section. You'll also most likely see it first on the section. For these problems, you must use the information you’re given and then set up the equation. No need to solve for the missing variable- this is as far as you need to go. Almost always, you’ll see this type of question in the first four questions on the SAT Math section, meaning that the College Board consider these questions easy. This is due to the fact that you only have to provide the setup and not the execution. To solve this problem, we'll need to know both Armand's and Tyrone's situations, so let's look at them separately: Armand:Armand sent m text messages each hour for 5 hours, so we can write this as 5m- the number of texts he sent per hour multiplied by the total number of hours he texted. Tyrone:Tyrone sent p text messages each hour for 4 hours, so we can write this as 4p- the number of texts he sent per hour multiplied by the total number of hours he texted. We now know that Armand's situation can be written algebraically as5m,and Tyrone's can be written as4p. Since we're being asked for the expression that represents the total number of texts sent by Armand and Tyrone, we must add together the two expressions: 5m +4p The correct answer is choice (C) 5m +4p Word Problem Type 2: Solving for a Missing Value The vast majority of SAT Math word problem questions will fall into this category. For these questions, you must both set up your equationandsolve for a specific piece of information. Most (though not all) word problem questions of this type will be scenarios or stories covering all sorts of SAT Math topics,such asaverages, single-variable equations, and ratios. You almost always must have a solid understanding of the math topic in question in order to solve the word problem on the topic. Let's try to think about this problem in terms of x. If Type A trees produced 20% more pears than Type B did, we can write this as an expression: x + 0.2x = 1.2x = # of pears produced by Type A In this equation, x is the number of pears produced by Type B trees. If we add 20% of x (0.2x) to x, we get the number of pears produced by Type A trees. The problem tells us that Type A trees produced a total of 144 pears. Since we know that 1.2x is equal to the number of pears produced by Type A, we can write the following equation: 1.2x= 144 Now, all we have to do is divide both sides by 1.2 to find the number of pears produced by Type B trees: x = 144 / 1.2 x = 120 The correct answer choice is (B) 120. You might also get a geometry problem as a word problem, which might or might not be set up with a scenario, too. Geometry questions will be presented as word problems typically because the test makers felt the problem would be too easy to solve had you been given a diagram, or because the problem would be impossible to show with a diagram. (Note that geometry makes up a very small percentage of SAT Math.) This is a case of a problem that is difficult to show visually, since x is not a set degree value but rather a value greater than 55; thus, it must be presented as a word problem. Since we know that x must be an integerdegree value greater than 55, let us assign it a value. In this case, let us call x 56 °. (Why 56? There are other values x could be, but 56 is guaranteed to work since it's the smallest integer larger than 55. Basically, it's a safe bet!) Now, because x= 56, the next angle in the triangle- 2x- must measure the following: 56*2 =112 Let's make a rough (not to scale) sketch of what we know so far: Now, we know that there are 180 ° in a triangle, so we can find the value of y by saying this: y = 180 − 112 − 56 y = 12 One possible value for y is 12.(Other possible values are3, 6, and 9.) Word Problem Type 3: Explaining the Meaning of a Variable or Value This type of problem willshow up at least once.It asks you to define part of an equation provided by the word problem- generally the meaning of a specific variable or number. This question might sound tricky at first, but it's actually quite simple. We know that P is the number of phones Kathy has left to fix, and d is the number of days she has worked in a week. If she's worked 0 days (i.e., if we plug 0 into the equation), here's what we get: P = 108− 23(0) P = 108 This means that, without working any days of the week, Kathy has 108 phones to repair.The correct answer choice, therefore, is (B) Kathy starts each week with 108 phones to fix. To help juggle all the various SAT word problems, let's look at the math strategies and tips at our disposal. Want to learn more about the SAT but tired of reading blog articles? Then you'll love our free, SAT prep livestreams. Designed and led by PrepScholar SAT experts, these live video events are a great resource for students and parents looking to learn more about the SAT and SAT prep. Click on the button below to register for one of our livestreams today! SAT Math Strategies for Word Problems Though you’ll see word problems on the SAT Math section on a variety of math topics, there are still a few techniques you can apply to solve word problems as a whole. #1: Draw It Out Whether your problem is a geometry problem or an algebra problem, sometimes making a quick sketch of the scene can help you understand what exactly you're working with.For instance, let's look at how a picture can help you solve a word problem about a circle (specifically, a pizza): If you often have trouble visualizing problems such as these, draw it out. We know that we're dealing with a circle since our focus is a pizza. We also know that the pizza weighs 3 pounds. Because we'll need to solve the weight of each slice in ounces, let's first convert the total weight of our pizza from pounds into ounces. We're given the conversion (1 pound = 16 ounces), so all we have to do is multiply our 3-pound pizza by 16 to get our answer: 3 * 16 = 48 ounces (for whole pizza) Now, let's draw a picture. First, the pizza is divided in half (not drawn to scale): We now have two equal-sized pieces. Let's continue drawing. The problem then says that we divide each half into three equal pieces (again, not drawn to scale): This gives us a total of six equal-sized pieces. Since we know the total weight of the pizza is 48 ounces, all we have to do is divide by 6 (the number of pieces) to get the weight (in ounces) per piece of pizza: 48 / 6 = 8 ounces per piece The correct answer choice is (C) 8. As for geometry problems, remember that you might get a geometry word problem writtenas a word problem. In this case, make your own drawing of the scene. Even a rough sketch can help you visualize the math problem and keep all your information in order. #2: Memorize Key Terms If you’re not used to translating English words and descriptions into mathematical equations, then SAT word problems might be difficult to wrap your head around at first. Look at the chart we gave you above so you canlearn how to translate keywords into their math equivalents. This way, you can understand exactly what a problem is asking you to find and how you’re supposed to find it. There are free SAT Math questions available online, so memorize your terms and then practice on realistic SAT word problems to make sure you’ve got your definitions down and can apply them to the actual test. #3: Underline and/or Write Out ImportantInformation The key to solving a word problem is to bring together all thekey pieces of given information and put them in the right places. Make sure you write out all these givens on the diagram you’ve drawn (if the problem calls for a diagram) so that all your moving pieces are in order. One of the best ways to keep all your pieces straight is to underline your key information in the problem, and then write them out yourself before you set up your equation. So take a moment to perform this step before you zero in on solving the question. #4: Pay Close Attention to What's Being Asked It can be infuriating to find yourself solving for the wrong variable or writing in your given values in the wrong places. And yet this is entirely too easy to do when working with math word problems. Make sure you pay strict attention to exactly what you’re meant to be solving for and exactly what pieces of information go where.Are you looking for the area or the perimeter? The value of x, 2x, or y? It’s always better to double-check what you’re supposed to find before you start than to realize two minutes down the line that you have to begin solving the problem all over again. #5: Brush Up on Any Specific Math Topic You Feel Weak In You're likely to see both a diagram/equation problem anda word problem for almost every SAT Math topicon the test. This is why there are so many different types of word problems and why you’ll need to know the ins and outs of every SAT Math topic in order to be able to solve a word problem about it. For example, if you don’t know how to find an averagegiven a set of numbers, you certainly won’t know how to solve a word problem that deals with averages! Understand that solving an SAT Math word problem is a two-step process:it requires you to both understand how word problems work and to understand the math topic in question. If you have any areas of mathematical weakness, now's a good time to brush up on them- or else SAT word problems might be trickier than you were expecting! All set? Let's go! Test Your SAT Math Word Problem Knowledge Finally, it's time to test your word problem know-how against real SAT Mathproblems: Word Problems 1. No Calculator 2. Calculator OK 3. Calculator OK 4. Calculator OK Answers:C, B, A, 1160 Answer Explanations 1. For this problem, we have to use the information we're given to set up an equation. We know that Ken spent x dollars, and Paul spent 1 dollar more than Ken did. Therefore, we can write the following equation for Paul: x + 1 Ken and Paul split the bill evenly. This means that we'll have to solve for the total amount of both their sandwiches and then divide it by 2. Since Ken's sandwich cost x dollars and Paul's cost x + 1, here's what our equation looks like when we combine the two expressions: x + x + 1 2x + 1 Now, we can divide this expression by 2 to get the price each person paid: (2x+ 1) / 2 x + 0.5 But we're not finished yet. We know that both Ken and Paul also paid a 20% tip on their bills. As a result,we have to multiply the total cost of one bill by 0.2, and then add this tip to the bill. Algebraically, this looks like this: (x + 0.5) + 0.2(x + 0.5) x+ 0.5 + 0.2x + 0.1 1.2x + 0.6 The correct answer choice is (C) 1.2x + 0.6 2. You'll have to be familiar with statistics in order to understand what this question is asking. Since Nick surveyed a random sample of his freshman class, we can say that this sample will accurately reflect the opinion (and thus the same percentages) as the entire freshman class. Of the 90 freshmen sampled, 25.6% said that they wanted the Fall Festival held in October. All we have to do now is find this percentage of the entire freshmen class (which consists of 225 students) to determine how many total freshmen would prefer an October festival: 225 * 0.256 = 57.6 Since the question is asking "about how many students"- and since we obviously can't have a fraction of a person!- we'll have to round this number to the nearest answer choice available, which is60, or answer choice (B). 3. This is one of those problems that is asking you to define a value in the equation given. It might look confusing, but don't be scared- it's actually not as difficult as it appears! First off, we know that t represents the number of seconds passed after an object is launched upward. But what if no time has passed yet? This would mean that t = 0. Here's what happens to the equation when we plug in 0 for t: h(0) = -16(0)2 + 110(0) + 72 h(0) = 0 + 0 + 72 h(0) = 72 As we can see, before the object is even launched, it has a height of 72 feet. This means that 72 must represent the initial height, in feet, of the object, or answer choice (A). 4. You might be tempted to draw a diagram for this problem since it's talking about a pool (rectangle), but it's actually quicker to just look at the numbers given and work from there. We know that the pool currently holds 600 gallons of water and that water has been hosed into it at a rate of 8 gallons a minute for a total of 70 minutes. To find the amount of water in the pool now, we'll have to first solve for the amount of water added to the pool by hose. We know that 8 gallons were added each minute for 70 minutes, so all we have to do is multiply 8 by 70: 8 * 70 = 560 gallons This tells us that 560 gallons of water were added to our already-filled, 600-gallon pool. To find the total amount of water, then, we simply add these two numbers together: 560 + 600 = 1160 The correct answer is 1160. Aaaaaaaaaaand time for a nap. Key Takeaways: Making Sense of SAT Math Word Problems Word problems make up a significant portion of the SAT Math section, so it’s a good idea to understand how they work and how to translate the words on the page into a proper expression or equation.But this is still only half the battle. Though you won’t know how to solve a word problem if you don’t know what a product is or how to draw a right triangle, you also won’t know how to solve a word problem aboutratios if you don’t know how ratios work. Therefore, be sure to learn not only how to approach math word problems as a whole, but also how to narrow your focus on any SAT Math topics you need help with. You can find links to all of our SAT Math topic guideshereto help you in your studies. What’s Next? Want to brush up on SAT Math topics? Check out our individual math guides to get an overview of each and every topic on SAT Math. From polygonsandslopestoprobabilitiesandsequences, we've got you covered! Running out of time on the SAT Math section? We have the know-how to help you beat the clock and maximize your score. Been procrastinating on your SAT studying? Learn how you can overcome your desire to procrastinate and make a well-balanced prep plan. Trying to get a perfect SAT score? Take a look at our guide to getting a perfect 800 on SAT Math, written by a perfect scorer. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points? Check out our best-in-class online SAT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your SAT score by 160 points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes what you study to your strengths and weaknesses. If you liked this Math strategy guide, you'll love our program.Along with more detailed lessons, you'll get thousands ofpractice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. 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Current event paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Current event paper - Assignment Example y people often don’t want to notice the fact that their relationships are based on wrong values, so they decline noticing aggressive, controlling, and partly paranoid behavior of their intimate partners. The second reason is human fear about two things. One is to lose their partner and stay alone, which for most people is more frightening than being abused, another is fear to seek for help because of possibility to make the situation public, or because of threat of being abused harder by a mad partner. Though, the most crucial reason for the violent consequences of wrong relationships is people’s unwillingness to do something when they feel that their relationships are wrong, so they make up their minds to the situation until it turns into domestic violence. The article â€Å"14 Red Flags of Domestic Violence† by GinaL. Cafasso describes the most common first signals of the behavior which more likely will later lead to serious domestic violence. Statistics on dom estic violence shows terrible results; â€Å"according to National Coalition Against Domestic Violence, on average 20 people, in the U.S., per minute are physically abused by an intimate partner† (Cafasso n.pag). The statistics is terrifying. The author claims that the most common problem of the victims of domestic abuse is that often abusers make them feel so insignificant that after each act of abuse the victims just have feeling like they have nowhere to go and don’t believe that there is a way out of the situation. The story of Linda Rees who has been abused by her husband for 20 years teaches that if there are signs of incoming domestic violence, it is never too late to abandon the relationships (â€Å"His Name Calling and Jealousy was All I Knew but then He Threatened to Kill Me†). Linda claims that as far as her husband was her first boyfriend she didn’t realize that there was something wrong with their relationships, so she confused his over controlling behavior with love and thought that it

Book Analysis for the book I, Che Guevara Essay

Book Analysis for the book I, Che Guevara - Essay Example Ernesto Guevara used the word as ‘comrade’ because he was deeply influenced by principles of Marxism. He was responsible for ending rule of then ruler Batista and was commander of his guerilla warfare force. He played key roles in government where he advocated his policies designed for welfare of people. He had travelled across countries in his younger days which he chronicles in his diaries. This travel brought him closer to people, which helped him understand their problems, poverty and life. His revolution extended to Bolivia where he met his end in a military execution. His ideology, philosophy, his deep love for his country and his martyrdom has made him a hero worldwide. His life and death are viewed as an enigma and his love and selfless efforts for the betterment of his people makes him the most revered revolutionary so far. Che was executed in Bolivia in the year 1967 at the age of thirty-nine. Military officers and leaders present in Bolivia during the time rem ember him to be very intelligent, calm and charismatic although his appearance was ragged and dirty. The book ‘I, Che Guevara’ starts from the day of execution of Che. This is a history based political fiction presumes that Che was not executed on October 9th, 1967. He disappeared only to reappear as an old man who has travelled across to spread message of revolution among people. He appears in coastal villages and starts having intellectual conversations with inhabitants, eventually bringing them together to form a political party. Author John Blackthorn has successfully established the premise in the book. John Blackthorn is an alias Gary Hart took up for writing novels. Representing Democratic Party he was elected as senator. Later he was a front runner candidate for Democratic Party for presidential elections. However he had to withdraw his nomination because of his alleged extra marital affair with model Donna Rice. He withdrew from active politics only to return a s consultant on national security. He has authored and co-authored many books under his alias John Blackthorn. His active role in government when he was elected helped him considerably while writing his books. ‘I, Che Guevara’ although a political fiction, is reflection of Hart’s creativity and understanding of international affairs, which makes the book an interesting read. History does not have ‘ifs’ and ‘buts’ and yet when we look back and reflect on the subject we find several dots to connect to make a complete picture. Che Guevara or Ernesto Guevara appears on the scene as Ernesto Blanco. Although he is old and white haired he still holds a charismatic personality and engaging talks. He travels throughout his country to find that there is no or minimal change in people. He hides himself from soldiers and military for a considerable time and when he realizes that people have nearly forgotten him then appears on the surface. The plot revolves around Che’s resurfacing, his bringing of people together in yet another revolution and leading people from the front. What do you think about Revolution in Cuba? I said. What revolution is that senor? They said. What revolution is that? That’s the revolution to save your skinny little ass! I said. Oh senor, they said, there is no revolution in the world that can save my skinny little ass. 1 There is an entire generation who gets inspired by Che’s fiery speeches and fights revolution shoulder to shoulder with him. However when he wants to question people about any such revolution,

Stress in the Police Force: Causes and Effects

Stress in the Police Force: Causes and Effects Abstract This paper discusses police and the stress they deal with on a daily basis. It goes in depth on the negative issues of stress on police officers, the causes of stress and how stress can be managed. Lastly, this paper concludes that in order to have successful officers in our community we must address the significance of stress.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Stress is a term used by many, but it is often misunderstood. Parker (2006) describes stress as physical and mental responses between personal experience and expectations. There is positive stress which helps improve athletic performance due to motivation that causes people to feel competitive, but generally stress is associated with negativity. Stress can be defined as the bodies reaction to internal and external stimuli that disrupts the bodies normal state. Stress normally upsets the normal state. The stimuli that causes stress can be physical, mental, or emotional. The body has to react to stressful situations which are called the flight-or-fight response and the body’s subconscious decision is critical for law enforcement officers.   Officer’s initial reaction to an incident cannot be to run away from it they must run to it because it is there duty and citizens are relying on them. However, stress can weaken and disturb the bodys defense mechanisms and may play a role in developing hypertension, ulcers, cardiovascular disease, and possibly even cancer. Stress alone does not cause sickness but it is a contributing factor to the development of certain illnesses. This can be very detrimental to a police officer’s career and wellbeing. So it becomes critical that we analyze the leading factors in stress for cops and find out how it can be combatted to make a better more sustainable police force.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Overview of Stress in law Enforcement  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Law enforcement officers deal with four categories of stress which are external, organizational, personal, and operational. Eternal stressed is caused by real dangers that officers face outside of the office. These dangers can be found at every single traffic stop they make no matter how routine it is. There is always that unknown factor that causes them to stress. Organizational stress on officers comes from the military like structure within the department. This can include the strange hours and the constant changing duties for the officers. Personal stress is produced from interpersonal relationships within the department. This can come from relationships with other officers or with your superiors. Finally, operational stress comes from the daily confrontation of bad things. This can include officers dealing with criminals or looking at deaths. This creates stress for them. There is not just one way that will cause an officer to stress, instead there are multiple different facotrs that lead to officer stress. Therefore, multiple different approaches need to be taken in order to reduce thesed stress levels and produce and better law enforcement officer.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚   Negative Outcomes of Stress Work related factors that lead to increased stress in officers are: risky situations, organizational stress, and shift work. All of these stress catalysts can take a toll on police officers and can eventually negatively change their work performance. There are all sorts of way that officers cope with their stress levels and the majority of them are self-destructive and prove to be detrimental to their career. These can be harmful not only the individual officer but also the community in which they are serving. According to A National Institute of Justice report some other consequences of being a police officer that causes stress are cynicism and suspiciousness, emotional detachment from aspects of daily life, reduced efficiency, absenteeism and early retirement, excessive aggressiveness, alcoholism and other substance abuse problems, marital or other family problems, posttraumatic stress disorder, and suicide (Dempsy, Forst, 2016, p. 174). There are also specific health issues such a s heart attacks, ulcers, weight gain, and other health problems. An early study 2,300 police officers in 20 U.S. police departments revealed that 37% had serious marital problems, 36% had health problems, 23% had alcohol problems, 20% had problems with their children, and 10% had drug problems (Dempsy, Forst, 2016, p. 174-175). Stress commonly leads to family issues, fatigue and alcoholism. The prolonged effects of stress are very damaging to a human being. A study was done on the police officers in Buffalo, New York to see if stressors related to on the job work correlated with long-term physical and mental health. The study was prompted by the assumption that the high demands and exposure to human misery and death has a connection between obesity, suicide, sleeplessness and cancer (Goldbaum, 2012).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Causes of Stress According to Waters & Ussery (2007), Police officers put themselves in many different dangerous situations on a daily basis and even a routine traffic stop can potentially lead to a fight for their life. Police officers constantly are dealing with people throughout their work day and not everyone they come in contact with are in a stable state of mind. The unknown factor is one of the hardest for police officers to get past because they don’t know anything about the individual they are about to come in contact with or how they view the police. For example, members of the Hmong community are going to react much differently to an officer approaching them than an old white lady. Another extremely dangerous and difficult job that officers deal with are people on drugs like alcohol or PCP. When a person is high on PCP they lose their pain threshold and become almost superhuman. It can take a while for an officer to identify what drug a person is on and it creates increased stress a s they are tensing up ready for anything. Officers cannot allow themselves to relax while they are on duty and the constant life or death situations can take a toll on any person’s mental state and induce stress. Stinchcomb (2004) states that another stress police officers have is organizational stress. Police officers deal with life threatening situations and traumatic encounters, but are also required to fill out paperwork and make sure their deskwork duties get completed as well as everything else. Organizational problems can stem from an organization becoming too centralized. Law enforcement departments must be sure to include lower ranked officers in the decision making process. They must feel like a contributing factor tio the department and not just a pawn. An additional organizational stress example is officers trying to take work time off during the holidays. Since police departments run 24/7 365 days of the year officers must make sacrifices and work on holidays lik e Christmas even if this means they miss seeing their family. However, this can be a great cause of stress for many officers especially the family orientated ones. It becomes stressful trying to make sure you have the day off or the officer with the youngest kids has the day to be with the family. The stress can be compounded to by outside forces such as your wife harassing you about not being home with the family enough. Often overlooked, organizational stress is can easily become a silent killer for many officers. Another factor that contribute to police stress is their rotating shift work. Shift work is described as the â€Å"regular† (non-overtime) employment hours outside of the general 7am to 6pm working interval. According to Waters & Ussery (2007), studies have shown that most shift workers only get approximately seven hours of sleep or less than those who work normal hours and average about five and a half hours of sleep a night. It is no secret that police officers work unusual shifts. Since officers are assigned shifts based upon seniority, newer officers generally have to work less than desirable work hours. That combined with the pressure of the demanding new job can be extremely harmful for young men and women in the profession. Waters & Ussery (2007) also state that rotating shift work is an added stress for police officers because once they start getting used to a certain sleep pattern, they are forced to re-adjust to a different time. Changing sleep patterns can add stres s to an officer’s already stressful life and can have both physical and psychological effects on officers. Also, court dates can interfere with an officer’s sleep schedule because court is hearings are during the day. So an officer that works graveyards and sleeps during the day is forced to stay awake and can suffer from sleep deprivation. The lack of sleep like many know can cause mood swings and change a person’s attitude. The profession of a police officer can often involve long hours. Fatigue and sleep loss are crucial in regular functions of how officers’ bodies run. While on the job, officers remain in their cars to watch for possible dangers. Krause (2012) references vigilance and fatigue becoming a problem when the police tasks are extended for long periods of time because it can reduce attention and alertness while raising stress levels. Sleep deprivation in comparable to excessive drinking and has the same effects. A sleep deprivation study sho wed that not sleeping for seventeen hours impaired a person’s motor skills to a person who has a blood alcohol level of .05 percent (Amenodola et. al., 2011). Officers that are fatigued tend to have more work related accidents. According to the National Institute of Justice, research has showed that fatigued officers use more sick leave, are more likely to use inappropriate force more frequently, more likely to be involved in a vehicle accident, and also have a higher likelihood of dying in the line of duty (Amenodola et. al., 2011).     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Stress Management Stress is an unavoidable aspect of law enforcement but there are numerous ways to manage it successfully in order to have a long and prosperous career that ends in a healthy retirement. One way police officers can reduce stress is by making sure they are not fatigued which means making sure they get enough rest. Police departments need to promote 10 hour work shifts nationwide instead of 12 hour shifts. There also needs to be plenty of swing shift coverage so officers can get off when they are scheduled. If there were policies or programs implemented in police organizations to recognize the dangers of fatigue on the job it could lead to healthier officers. To help with officer stress levels there are early intervention systems that monitor the performance of officers and based off various factors officers can be identified for an intervention (Walker, 2011). Management would be able to identify the level of fatigue an officer could have and schedule accordingly. Dennis (2007) suggest s having managers limit the number of hours officers work within a 24 hour period and being able to set a max hour limit to avoid overtime. Both of these are important for an officer’s fatigue because it will create set schedules so police can prepare accordingly. Improvement on scheduling programs can be beneficial with agencies to help maintain officers at a well-functioning level. There is no way to completely eliminate stress, but one way to reduce it is by working out and taking care of their bodies. According to Anxiety and Association of America (ADAA), working out is very effective at reducing fatigue, improving alertness and concentration, and at enhancing overall cognitive function. This can be especially helpful when stress has depleted your energy or ability to concentrate. â€Å"Scientists have found that regular participation in aerobic exercise has been shown to decrease overall levels of tension, elevate and stabilize mood, improve sleep, and improve self-est eem. Even five minutes of aerobic exercise can stimulate anti-anxiety effects† (adaa.org). Other benefits of exercising are that it pumps up your endorphins and focusing on a single task can be calming and clear the mind from the days stresses. According to the American Academy of Experts in Traumatic Stress, Critical Incident Stress Debriefing (CISD) is available for law enforcement officers to participate in. The structure of a CISD usually consists of the presence of   Ã¢â‚¬Å"one or more mental health professionals and one or more peer debriefs, i.e. fellow police officers or emergency service workers who have been trained in the CISD process and who may have been through critical incidents and debriefings themselves.† A typical debriefing takes place within twenty-four to seventy-two hours after the critical incident, and consists of a single group meeting that last approximately two-three hours, although shorter or longer meetings are determined by circumstances ( aaets.org). CISD consists of seven standard phases to help the officer cope with whatever traumatic incident he/she has been through in an effort to handle the stress before it negatively effects them. Although stress is unavoidable in some circumstance there are ways to prevent chronic stress. Police officers can change their lifestyle in order to manage their personal stress. They can try to avoid using alcohol and nicotine as coping mechanisms of stress. These factors can actually contribute to stress. A better diet and exercising can be beneficial by improving the resilience of the body and mind to stressful situations. Also, limiting your duty work hours to no more than twelve hours a day can help manage stress as well as talking about emotions to process what has been seen and done (Dennis 2007). References Amenodola, K., Weisburd, D., Jones, G., & Slipka, M. (2011). Police Foundation. Retrieved April 1, 2017, from http://www.nij.gov/topics/law-enforcement/officer-safety/stress-fatigue/pages/shift-work.aspx Dempsey, J. S., & Forst, L. S. (2016).  An introduction to policing. Boston, MA, USA: Cengage    Learning. Dennis, L. (2007, August). Police fatigue: an accident waiting to happen. PsycEXTRA Dataset. Goldbaum, E. (2012, July 9). Police officer stress creates significant health risks. States News Service.    Home | Anxiety and Depression Association of America, ADAA. (n.d.). Retrieved April 3, 2017,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   from https://www.adaa.org/ Law Enforcement Traumatic Stress: Clinical Syndromes and Intervention Strategies. (n.d.). Retrieved April 3, 2017, from http://www.aaets.org/article87.htm Parker, H. (2006). Stress management. Delhi, IN: Global media. Stinchcomb, J. (2004). Searching for stress in all the wrong places: Combating chronic organizational stressors in policing. Police Practice & Research, 5(3), 259-277. Waters, J.A., & Ussery, W. (2007). Police stress: history, contributing factors, symptoms, and interventions. Policing, 30(2), 169-188.