Russell, Strawson, and William of Ockham :: Philosophy of Language

Authenticity and traditionalism by and large build up the parameters of discussion over universals. Do digest terms in language allude to digest things on the planet? The pragmatist answers truly, leaving us with an expanded philosophy; the conformist answers no, leaving us with emotional classifications. I need to safeguard nominalism †in its unique medieval sense, as one chance that expects to protect objectivity while placing simply solid people on the planet. Initially, I will introduce paradigmatic explanations of authenticity and traditionalism as created by Russell and Strawson. At that point, I will introduce the nominalist elective as created by William of Ockham. Authenticity and traditionalism are normally taken to be the essential contenders in the discussion over universals. Does extract language allude to digest things on the planet? The pragmatist answers indeed, leaving us with a swelled philosophy, the conformist answers no, leaving us with emotional classes. In this paper I might want to shield a third chance which expects to protect objectivity without increasing articles. It is nominalism, in the first, medieval feeling of the word †or all the more explicitly, in the Ockham feeling of the word. Willard Quine once commented that the nominalists of old . . . article to conceding unique elements by any stretch of the imagination, even in the controlled feeling of brain made entities.(1) This is surely valid for Roscelin, the eleventh-century hostile to pragmatist who broadly declared that an all inclusive is only a fluttering of the vocal harmonies. Furthermore, Quine’s comment is valid for Ockham also, to the extent that he stated that a widespread is only a specific idea in the brain. However musings, regardless of whether specific, are not actually concrete, and they do extract, as per Ockham, in a way that Roscelin’s fluttering vocal ropes don't. I won’t have the option to guard Ockham’s nominalism by discrediting the entirety of the numerous forms of the opposition individually. What I propose to do rather is set it up according to the commended trade between Bertrand Russell and P. F. Strawson. In this trade, Russell and Strawson were attempting to make sense of how a sentence can be significant in any event, when the thing the subject of the sentence alludes to doesn't exist. Russell makes what I take to be the great pragmatist botch; Strawson, the conformist. In what tails I will initially clarify Ockham’s option and afterward show why I think it looks at well against these twentieth-century partners.

How to Earn Money as a Freelance Writer

How to Earn Money as a Freelance Writer Cormac McCarthy, American novelist, Pulitzer Prize winner and playwright, once said, I never had any doubts about my abilities. I knew I could write. I just had to figure out how to eat while doing this.This monumental taskâ€"figuring out how to do what you love (write) and pay the bills while doing itâ€"is one that every writer faces, regardless of ability. However, before making the decision to quit your day job and launch out into the uncharted, and often stormy, waters of freelance writing, there are a few things you should know. Most importantly, you should know that the success you find in the field of freelance writing will be due to a mix of luck, fortitude and networking, and it will take a healthy dose of all three to thrive financially.Freelance websitesIn the Information Age, when everything has turned global, websites that offer freelancers the opportunity to create profiles and bid on jobs can be one of your best resources to earn steady money as a freelance writer. Web sites like Freelancer.com and Guru.com are some of the most commonly used online portals for bidding on freelance writing jobs of all typesâ€"from ghostwriting to copywriting to everything in between. Both of these sites offer limited bid submission for proposals without having to pay a monthly fee; however, if you want to bid on a lot of proposals to increase your chances of getting the work, you will need to pay a small monthly fee to do so. The more proposals you bid on, the more money you will be able to make; so for some writers, this additional fee is worth it.The best thing about websites like these is that the site administrators will ensure that you indeed get paid. They do this through setting up an escrow account in which the client requesting the work has to fund an account with the amount that is owed to you. Once you complete the job to the satisfaction of the client, the website will then release the funds to you. However, both Guru.com and Freelancer.com take a small percentage of the payment as their fee for facilitating the transaction.The current going rate for most projects on freelance websites is approximately .01 - .02 per word. You will be hard-pressed to find clients who are willing to pay more, especially since the sites are international, meaning that there are thousands of international freelancers available through them who are willing to write for that amount if you arent. While there are certainly jobs posted that do offer more money, signing up with the expectation of this amount of payment is your best bet in entering the field with a realistic understanding of what you can make as a freelance writer through these types of websites.While freelance websites can offer you unlimited amounts of freelance writing work, the work itself is often unfulfilling for many writers. Copywriting includes writing online content about different topicsâ€"ranging from law for attorney blogs to sales copy for marketing companies. While the work is often steady, the writing can become extremely boring and repetitive the longer you do it. In addition, most of the clients you will find on these freelance websites want you to ghostwrite the copy, meaning that your name will not be attached to the content. If you want to just be able to work from home as a writer and make money doing it, these websites are a great option; however, if you want to make a name for yourself as a writer, you might try other avenues, such as writing for a magazine.MagazinesFor most freelance writers, writing for a magazine provides a better opportunity than freelance websites to find success as a freelance writer and build a solid reputation. When you publish an article for a magazine, your name is generally placed in the by-line and you are able to share your accomplishment with your friends and family, as well as use it as part of your published work portfolio to gain even more clients.The best way to break into the world of freelance writing for mag azines is to build a relationship with the editor of that magazine. This can be done in several ways but usually starts by sending a résumé and portfolio to him or her, and let the editor know that you are available as a writer for any freelance work that the magazine might have available in the future. If an editor is in need of freelance writers due to not having enough staff writers (which is often the case), he or she is likely to give you an assignment based on this interaction. However, if the editor doesnt immediately give you an assignment, it is up to you to be proactive and begin to look for stories that would catch the attention of the editor and the readership of the magazine.Once you have an idea for a story, go ahead and query the editor with your idea by sending a letter or email with details about the article youd like to write. For an even better chance of getting published in the magazine, write the article before querying. This will not only give the editor a gl impse of your ability but will also help sell your article, if it is written well.Most magazines pay anywhere from $70-$100 for a feature story, so this is a great way to start making decent money as a freelance writer. However, it also requires you to be constantly creative and always observant in order to find the best content to pitch.

Babies Behind Bars - 1831 Words

The rate of women being incarcerated in prisons has dramatically risen over the last decade. While these women are being locked up for crimes ranging from drug possession to murder, they often come into the prison system with children or pregnant. Nationwide, nearly 2 million children have parents in prison. The number of those with incarcerated mothers is growing rapidly. A recent report from the Bureau of Justice Statistics found that the number of minors with mothers in prison increased by more than 100 percent in the last 15 years [ (Schwartzapfel, 2008) ]. While some women must give up their children before or after they enter prison, a handful of women get to keep their children. These women serve their sentences at one of nine†¦show more content†¦She also should not have any serious mental health concerns. A screening committee reviews each case before women are placed in the nursery. The mother must be able to complete her sentence by the time the child is 18 month s old to be eligible (Mothers, Infants and Imprisonment: A National Look at Prison Nurseries and Community-Based Alternative, 2009). Four years later, Pierre, South Dakota opened its prison nursery in the South Dakota Women’s Prison. The Mother-Infant Program is the only prison nursery that doesn’t have a limit to how many infants can stay. However, it has the shortest length of stay being thirty days. Women who give birth while in custody are allowed to participate in the program as long as the mothers crime was non-violent in nature. All expenses related to the babys care are the responsibility of the mother, including health care expenses. Mothers keep their infants in their cells. Other women at the facility are able to take classes to become babysitters and the mothers are able to choose who they would like to act as their babysitter. The Washington Correctional Center for Women in Gig Harbor, Washington, opened its doors to a prison nursery in 1999. To qualify f or the Residential Parenting Program, the mother’s sentence must be completed within three years of giving birth. The women must also be classified as minimum custody and beShow MoreRelatedBirth And Death By Frederic Skinner Essay1020 Words   |  5 PagesBirth and Death Burrhus Frederic Skinner is one of the most influential psychologists to study and practice, the ideology of Behaviorism. The concept behind behaviorism is to understand the thought that emphasizes the importance of experience in governing behavior while, the key role of behaviorism was to the determine the laws that govern learning (Claypoole, 2016). Skinner was born on March 20, 1904 and died on August 18, 1990 due to Leukemia. 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Evaluative Essay Topics Fundamentals Explained

Evaluative Essay Topics Fundamentals Explained Choosing Evaluative Essay Topics Clearly monitoring and evaluation frameworks have a good deal of possible pitfalls. In addition, the researcher may misinterpret the social phenomena they're studying and therefore have difficulties establishing the actual significance of that specific social circumstance. Qualitative research examines the micro sociological context. Qualitative research may also be criticised due to its lack of representativeness of the bigger population, as qualitative research typically deals with micro social problems that cannot be generalised to the wider population since they are context specific. Before you commence giving your opinion on something, folks should have some sort of idea of what you're referring to. In any event, however, the skills are there. 1 thing I find that's helpful for students is having a very clear template. The students want to realize that the instructor is somebody who lives a nd breathes whatever it's they're studying, that they have in their midst someone that has an abundance of expertise. Evaluative Essay Topics - Dead or Alive? You have to be careful to clearly cite quality, or the shortage of, with respect to the particular topic you're writing about. Anevaluation essay is an ideal method that may ascertain if one has leadership qualities. No matter what kind of evaluative paper you have gotten, our experienced and talented writers will be able to help you with that. Since a thesis is so crucial, it's probably an excellent idea to examine some ideas on how to assemble a strong one. The Hidden Treasure of Evaluative Essay Topics It is possible to also find different discounts on our site which will help you to save some more money for future orders or anything you want to spend them on. Order top-notch essay at the moment and certified specialists will do their very best to supply you with higher quality at fair price. Our customer support wi ll gladly tell you whether there are any special offers at the present time, in addition to make sure you are getting the very best service our business can deliver. When choosing a topic for an evaluation essay, it's important to center on a particular organization, service, product or policy. One more thing you've got to take into account is whether the origin of the essay is reliable. Nowadays, students who should comply at any essay writing task consult various essay samples. In this manner, you will For the main reason that evaluation essay is basically geared toward analyzing any topic, article or book, a large number of students confuse such a paper with a review. The first thing which you have to do when writing an evaluation essay is to be knowledgeable in regards to the topic you will write about. You will locate many evaluative commentary essay samples on our website, which will readily allow you to begin with your paper. To steer clear of common essay mistakes, a number of the things you should always remind yourself when writing an evaluation essay are given below. Descriptive essay is just one of the most troublesome varieties of essays. Similar to any other essay an evaluation essay should stick to a format. The rationale behind this is that speech isn't only judged dependent on the text, as you would do with a book, but instead, a speech evaluation essay may be used to rate the man who created and delivered it. You have to think about a position it's possible to back up with reasoning and evidence. When one writes a personal kind of essay, the initial impression is it is entirely devoted to self expression and devoid of any kind of technicality. Evaluative language essay writing requires you to have a great idea about judgment. The Evaluative Essay Topics Chron icles Writing about a topic that you understand about is also beneficial. Students lead busy lives and frequently forget about an approaching deadline. If you're want to learn how to compose great essays for college there are a number of online sites that may help you to grasp the idea. There are various sorts of essays that could be part of a student writing task. Among the other things about deep understanding which makes it different from several other flavors of research is it doesn't grow stale. It may be an intellectual challenge, a research query, an ethical dilemma anything that's of personal significance, regardless of the scale. Next you ought to assert yourself by making the ideal judgement. You are the person making the judgement about the subject, it is all up to you to back up your argument in a means which will allow other people to create their own opinion. The Lost Secret of Evaluative Essay Topics As you pay for homework, we provide those options free of charge. Becoming in a position to present details, comments, and information that's directly linked to the type of evaluation essay that you're writing can help you make a highly-usable output. It is going to also be easier that you think of an evaluation that could be trusted by your readers. Produce a highly-usable and efficient evaluation essay by directly providing the requirements of your readers. Therefore, it's essential to start from some general qualities of the object, and proceed to certain features. The whole article ought to be expressed in a fashion that is both structured and smooth. You've got to spell out how you had the ability to make the evaluation including the specification of the facets that you've considered within the entirety of the evaluation and writing process. Provide background information regarding your topic or subject before you get started evaluating. Finding the Best Evaluative Essay Topics Whatever you decide to write about, you'll need to supply a crucial judgement based on a collection of criteria so it's essential to either select a topic which you know well or the one which you'll be in a position to research. In order to rate a topic or try to pass judgment, writers will need to detail criteria where the topic is going to be evaluated. As much as possible, research about the topic of discussion so it is simple to recognize the characteristics that you are able to evaluate and the criteria which you will use for evaluation. Restaurant evaluation papers are straightforward and simple to write.

Analysis of White River in Southeastern South Dakota Free Essays

Analysis of White River in southeasterly South Dakota Your house has been asked to subject a proposal to holistically measure the White River in southeasterly South Dakota for two concerns viz. , Groundwater resources and quality, and Surface H2O quality concerns. Introduction Water is one of our chiefly important natural assets. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of White River in Southeastern South Dakota or any similar topic only for you Order Now If our planet would be missing it, there would be no life nowadays on this planet Earth. It’s the responsibility of Hydrologists to analyze all features of H2O organic structures present at site and its relation to geography, geology, topography, biological science, and chemical science. It’s the responsibility of Hydrologists to understand the job nowadays at site and so work out the job by using applicable proficient cognition and mathematical rules to work out water-related jobs in civilisation. These jobs include the measure, quality, and handiness of H2O. The chief undertaking of the study is to measure the Groundwater resources and quality, the 2nd portion of this study is to measure the Surface H2O quality of White River in southeasterly South Dakota. The squad of applied scientists is examining the White River in southeasterly South Dakota for two concerns viz. groundwater resources and surface H2O quality concerns. White River has expressed no serious apprehensivenesss about the possible contacts of any prospect development on the southeasterly South Dakota. Thus it is the demand of clip to set about a hydrological and hydrogeological appraisal, working to a brief agreed with Natural resources nowadays in southeasterly South Dakota. Scope of work The program of the survey is to fix a preliminary appraisal of the possible hydrological and hydrogeological facets of White River in southeasterly South Dakota. The undermentioned range was proposed: On-site function of H2O organic structures, catchments, flow way, precipitation and overflow, infiltration and petrology of dirt strata so that all of the little watercourses taking into the river and milieus are clearly understood. The exercising of long term rainfall and vaporization statistics to measure the effectual rainfall and, by agencies of suited overflow coefficients, to think watercourse flows. These should be contrasted with the field based observations to heighten a reasonable cognition of the hydrology of the site. Prepare 1:10000 geological maps to depict the boundaries of dirt strata. Commence trial cavities to prove theoretical boundaries and deepness of impermeable strata. Install four or more boreholes into the land to show baseline statistics and trying place. Trial land Wellss for finding the land H2O table conditions. Field Observation Surveys Field observation studies are carried out in order to roll up informations in signifier of geological maps, hydrological maps and terrain of the proposed site. The informations can so be acquired establishing upon the relevant undertaking. The chief purpose of this study is to roll up informations for the land H2O and surface H2O. The undertakings required to transport out such undertakings are given in the proposal below: Topography A ; Hydrology Mapping The subdivision is divided into two chief headers i.e. Topography and Hydrology, when discoursing topography we mean the status and type of the terrain which may be picturing degrees of the land, hills, vales, woods and H2O organic structures. The topographical function is necessary to place the surface groundwater flows and their speeds. The surface groundwater is related with the overflow measure and precipitation. Hydrology is the 2nd facet of this heading under which we will discourse the conditions that chiefly relate to the deepness of the dirt H2O degree below the land surface. Barsoum et Al ( 2005 ) note that for alder, the H2O degree demands to be near to the surface when the trees are immature, but deeper when to the full grown. Optimum growing of seedlings occurs when H2O degrees are 10-30 centimeter below the surface. ( Eymard 1969 ) Geological Function The geological sequence relevant to the site must be determined so infiltration rate can warrant, H2O infiltration, sub surface flows and to find the strength of the strata for future development if any. The geology plays an of import function when depicting the hydrological information for the fact that submerged aquifers, watercourses and hot spring can be identified which are natural resources and can be utilized. The information will assist in finding of the quality of sub surface and surface H2O quality. Hydrological Survey The Hydrological study is the chief part of the proposal and is further divided into parts so as to understand easy: 3.1 Groundwater Groundwater hydrology believes steps groundwater flow and silt conveyance. Problems in decoding the saturated zone comprise of categorization of aquifers in footings of flow way, groundwater force per unit area and, by decision groundwater astuteness. ( Peter 2012 ) Determinations here can be made utilizing a piezometer. Groundwater location can besides be found by delving trial Wellss at close intervals and so utilizing these Wellss in similar manner as that of piezometer, the rise of H2O degree in good will order the deepness of land H2O tabular array. 3.2 Infiltration The infiltration of H2O from overflow into the dirt is a important subject. In a figure of state of affairss a dry dirt may non soak up rainfall every bit thirstily as a dirt that is antecedently wet. Permeation can sometimes be calculated by an infiltrometer. ( Peter 2012 ) 3.3 Precipitation and vaporization Precipitation is the word used to specify the rainfall strength in footings of inches or centimetres, it is normally defined in footings of deepness of H2O that can be collected if H2O beads are collected one above the other in a perpendicular chamber besides known as rain gage for a specific period of clip. Precipitation information is really utile when pulling storm hydrograph charts. Vaporization is a important fraction of the H2O rhythm. It is partly affected by moistness. A direct finding of vaporization can be taken by utilizing Symon ‘s vaporization pan. ( Peter 2012 ) Remote feeling Distant detection can supply cherished information about hydrological survey by utilizing land based detectors, airborne detectors and satellite detectors. Information sing catchment country, H2O organic structure, forestation, accidents and bad lucks can be achieved with preciseness and truth utilizing distant feeling techniques. Water Quality Determination The last phase of our survey once the information from preliminary phases are collected and arranged is H2O quality finding survey. In hydrology, surveies of H2O quality concern organic and inorganic compounds, and both dissolved and sediment stuff. Besides, H2O quality is affected by the communicating of dissolved O with organic stuff and a assortment of chemical alterations that may happen. Biological O demand is a tool for finding the quality of H2O, this trial is a simple method which depicts the sum of dissolved O used up by the bacteriums present in H2O. ( David and Charles 1969 ) Work Plan and Schedule of Activities The program of the work is divided based upon the squad members company has. The chief activities of the work are shown below: Land and Topographical Survey Geotechnical Investigation of Site Land Water Table Location Determination Hydrological Survey Hydrogeological Survey Water Quality Investigation The squads are distributed as per the work appellation which includes the responsibilities of the Civil applied scientists, hydrologists, Surveyors, Planners, GIS Specialists, CAD operators, Riggers and Technician staff. Hydrologists may be discerning with judgment H2O supplies for white river and irrigated farms, or intriguing river implosion therapy or dirt have oning off. They will be working in environmental munition, assisting to halt or cut down pollution or place sites for safe clearance of unsafe wastes. Hydrologists may necessitate shovels to computing machines and mass spectrometers, and latest tools are being urbanised every twenty-four hours. Geographic Information Systems ( GIS ) Professionals will work with affiliated systems and plans to bring forth and go on informations and maps that can be shared with physically referenced informations. GIS package has the ability to narrate diverse types of informations such as socioeconomic, demographic, administrative or political boundaries, land usage, land screen, environmental, substructure, and transit webs. GIS Specialists perform the undermentioned undertakings: Generate maps, exposures and graphs, utilizing GIS package and connected cogwheel. Congregate with users to qualify information demands, undertaking demands, required consequences, or to construct up applications. Accomplish Research to place and acquire accessible databases. Collect, analyze, and set together spacial informations from employees and make up one’s mind how most first-class the information can be displayed utilizing GIS. Bring together geographic informations from a diverseness of resources including nose counts, field observation, satellite imagination, aerial exposure, and bing maps. Examine spacial informations for geographic statistics to slot in into certificates and studies. Plan and Schedule of Activities The activities are shown in the signifier of Gantt chart is given below: img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1050458.001.png"/ Premises: The Undertaking starts on January 2014. The Work Calendar is 5 yearss a hebdomad with a work twenty-four hours peers to 8hrs. There are no excess vacations in the Schedule. The utmost conditions conditions are besides non encountered in the undertaking. Budget Allocation 77 Dayss As per the undertaking outline the payment policy is shown below: Civil Engineering undertaking director ( you ) $ 150 per hr Civil Engineer in developing $ 40 per hr Civil Engineer ( PE ) $ 100 per hr Research Scientist $ 60 per hr Survey technician $ 25 per hr CAD and GIS technicians $ 20 per hr Support Staff $ 15 per hr Transportation system costs should be billed at $ 0.40 per stat mi with sensible allowance for hotels, nutrient, and other necessary costs Overhead add 40 % to overall cost The agenda dictates that the undertaking will take no more than 77 on the job yearss if the work is carried out as per the agenda. From the analysis it is observed that an estimation of 85 working yearss can be taken as the undertaking clip. The excess yearss which have been added are merely to counterbalance eventualities found during the undertaking timeline. Now as per 85 yearss the figure of work hours will be about 680 work hours. Thus the Project budget is tabulated below for the reader: Sr. # Appellation Pay per hr ( $ ) Work Hours Required ( hour ) Entire Pay ( $ ) Undertaking Manager 150 680 102000 Undertaking Engineer 100 680 68000 Trainee Engineer 40 680 27200 Research Scientist 60 520 31200 Survey Assistant 25 600 15000 GIS Assistant 20 600 12000 CAD Assistant 20 600 12000 Support Staff 15 550 8250 Transportation system 0.4 / myocardial infarction 600 myocardial infarction 240 Eventuality 40 % 110356 Grand Total 386246 Therefore the undertaking budget is about $ 386,246, the computation is shown above for the reader. Mentions: Brooks, K. N. , Ffolliott, P. F. , A ; Magner, J. A. ( 2012 ) . Hydrology and the Management of Watersheds: Wiley. De Wit, A. ( 1996 ) . Measurement of undertaking success. International diary of undertaking direction, 6 ( 3 ) , 164-170. Eymard, L. ( 1996 ) . Study of the air-sea interactions at the mesoscale: The SEMAPHORE experiment.Annales Geophysicae. Springer-Verlag, 14( 9 ) . Hendricks, S. P. , and David S. White. ( 1991 ) . Physicochemical forms within a hyporheic zone of a northern Michigan river, with remarks on surface H2O forms.Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 48( 9 ) , 1645-1654. Munns, A. K. B. F. B. ( 1996 ) . The function of undertaking direction in accomplishing undertaking success.International diary of undertaking direction, 14( 2 ) , 81-87. Straker, E. W. I. ( 1969 ) .A Monograph on the Former Ironworks in the Counties of Sussex, Surrey and Kent, Consisting a History of the Industry from the Earliest Times to Its Cessation ; Together with a Topographical Survey of the Existing Remains from Personal Observation: David A ; Charles, . Vorosmarty, C. J. , and Berrien Moore III. ( 1997 ) . Modeling basin-scale hydrology in support of physical clime and planetary biogeochemical surveies: An illustration utilizing the Zambezi River.Surveies in Geophysics, 12.1( 3 ) , 271-311. How to cite Analysis of White River in Southeastern South Dakota, Essay examples

The Importance of Evaluating Human Resource Management

The Importance of Evaluating Human Resource Management The effectiveness of human resource management (HRM) needs to be evaluated due to the following reasons. First, it helps the organization to determine if its HRM practices are credible (Gibbs, 2010, pp. 58-75).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Importance of Evaluating Human Resource Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is achieved through internal and external evaluations on the HRM practices. While the internal evaluation concentrates on the costs and benefits of HRM, external evaluation concentrates on the overall contribution of the HRM to an organization. Second, the effectiveness of HRM is evaluated to enhance the performance of the business (Gibbs, 2010, pp. 58-75). It helps the firm to adjust its human resources accordingly in order to increase its profits, market share and quality of products. Finally, the evaluation helps the firm to e nsure that its employees’ skills meet the requirements of the organization (Gibbs, 2010, pp. 58-75). The effectiveness of HRM is measured by the following criteria. First, the evaluation should measure employees’ commitment. In this case the evaluation will seek to determine the degree to which organizational policies facilitate employees’ commitment to the firm (Mclean, 2006, pp. 143-156). Second, the competency levels should be measured. Competency measures the ability of HRM policies to attract and retain talented employees. Third, the cost effectiveness of the HRM system should be considered. This measures the â€Å"fiscal proficiency of HRM policies in terms of wages, benefits, turnover and absenteeism† (Mclean, 2006, pp. 143-156). Finally, the evaluation should measure congruence. This means that the evaluation should analyze the ability of HRM policies to promote and maintain cooperation both within and without the organization (Mclean, 2006, pp. 1 43-156). The assessment process should also evaluate the efficiency of the HRM system in terms of its ability to reduce the time needed for a give task. The HRM system is considered effective it satisfies these criterions.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Managing Occupational Health and Safety Managing occupational health is one of the responsibilities of the human resources department and it focuses on protecting the welfare of the employees and their families. Most organizations focus on occupational health and safety management since it is a legal requirement (Robson, Clarke and Cullen, 2007, pp. 329-353). The labor laws require all employers to provide a safe and secure work environment. Failure to observe this requirement can lead to sever consequences such as cancelation of licenses. Organizations also focus on occupational health and safety management in order to prev ent injuries or loss of life at the workplace (Robson, Clarke and Cullen, 2007, pp. 329-353). Even though occupational health and safety management involves a lot of costs, it is associated with the following benefits. It helps companies to avoid losses attributed to injuries at the workplace (Dellve, Skagert and Eklof, 2009, pp. 965-970). Such injuries can lead to expensive law suites and compensations for damages if the court rules in favor of the injured employee. Research indicates that the physical wellbeing of employees has a direct impact on their productivity (Dellve, Skagert and Eklof, 2009, pp. 965-970). This means that healthy employees will perform better as compared to those with poor health conditions. Occupational health and safety management practices such as behavior change programs help in improving employees’ health. This translates into high productivity by preventing reduction in productivity due to cases of sicknesses (Dellve, Skagert and Eklof, 2009, pp . 965-970).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Importance of Evaluating Human Resource Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Besides, the employees will be highly motivated if their health and safety is guaranteed at the workplace. For example, workers in a chemical plant will be motivated to work if they are protected from the side effects of the chemicals they manufacture. Protecting the health and safety of workers also helps in improving the image of the firm. Work Designs Apart from managing occupational health and safety, the human resources department is also responsible for designing work for employees. Work design involves â€Å"dividing the roles and responsibilities among the employees or members of various groups in an organization† (Robertson, 2000, pp. 121-146). Over the last two decades, the process of work design has tremendously changed in response to changes in the roles of human resources department, organizational needs and the business environment. Job evaluation for instance has become an integral part of work design. It has become the basis for determining pay grades, responsibilities and even working conditions (Robertson, 2000, pp. 121-146). The roles of the stakeholders in work design have also changed significantly. The managers have since increased their participation in the work design process since they are the main users of the information resulting from the process (Robertson, 2000, pp. 121-146). The role of the human resources officers has changed from dictating what should be done to giving guidance on how to embrace best practice. The process of designing work in future will be influenced by the following factors or challanges. First, technological advancements will change the methods of production or service provision and this will impact on the roles of employees (Lewig, Xanthopoulou and Bakker, 2007, pp. 429-445). Thus the challenge in wo rk design will be how to avoid duplication of roles, prevent competition between machines and employees as well as utilizing the full potential of employees. Second, globalization presents the challenge of meeting international standards in work design (Lewig, Xanthopoulou and Bakker, 2007, pp. 429-445).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As globalization increases, firms will need flexible and internationally accepted work designs. Finally, economic factors such as high competition will lead to more mergers and takeovers. Thus the human resources department will face the challenge of designing work that takes into account the skills of employees from diverse backgrounds. Performance Management It is the responsibility of the human resources department to manage the performance of employees in order to enhance high productivity. Performance management is linked to other functions of human resources management and this can be explained as follows. To begin with, performance management is linked to the process of employee recruitment (Nankerris and Stanton, 2010, pp. 136-151). Based on the performance of existing employees and the needs of the organization, the human resources department will be able to identify and hire the right employees. Performance evaluation being part of performance management helps in developin g the goals and objectives of staff training and development (Nankerris and Stanton, 2010, pp. 136-151). This is because it helps in identifying the training needs of the employees. It also helps in developing motivational and reward strategies. Performance management can help in assessing the effect of various reward strategies. Managing the performance of employees is always characterized by the following challenges. Most organizations lack talented employees with sufficient knowledge of labor laws (Mitlacher, 2006, pp. 67-81). Such organizations are not able to conduct performance management in line with the legal framework. Some human resources officers also lack essential performance management skills especially in performance appraisals (Mitlacher, 2006, pp. 67-81). Most systems used in performance appraisals are less effective since they do not capture all aspects of the employees’ performance (Mitlacher, 2006, pp. 67-81). This undermines the integrity of performance m anagement. Effective performance management is also adversely affected by lack of resources to support it which leads to poor outcomes. References Dellve, L., Skagert, K. and Eklof, M. 2009. The impact of systematic occupational health and safety management for occupational disorders and long-term work attendance. Social Science and Medicine. 67(6), pp. 965-970. Gibbs, S. 2010. Evaluating HRM effectiveness: the stereotype connection. Employee Relations. 22(1), pp. 58-75. Lewig, K., Xanthopoulou, D. and Bakker, A. 2007. Burnout and connectedness among Australian volunteers: a test of the job demands. Journal of Vocational Behavior. 71(3), pp. 429-445. Mclean, M. 2006. Evaluating the importance and performance of the human resources function: an examinations of a medium sized Scottish retailer. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services. 13(2), pp. 143-156. Mitlacher, L. 2006. The organization of human resource management in temporary work agencies. Human Resource Management Review. 1 6(1), pp. 67-81. Nankerris, A. and Stanton, P. 2010. Managing employee performance in small organizations: challenges and opportunities. International Journal of Human Resource Development and Management. 10(2), pp. 136-151. Robertson, T. 2000. Building bridges: negotiating the gap between work practice and technology design. International Journal of Human-Computer studies. 53(1), pp. 121-146. Robson, L., Clarke, J. and Cullen, K. 2007. The effectiveness of occupational health and safety management system interventions: a systematic review. Safety Science. 45(3), pp.329-353. This essay on The Importance of Evaluating Human Resource Management was written and submitted by user Orlando Charles to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Aztec Sacrifice - The Meaning of Ritual Human Killings

Aztec Sacrifice - The Meaning of Ritual Human Killings Aztec sacrifices were famously a part of the Aztec culture, famous in part because of deliberate propaganda out of the Spanish conquistadors in Mexico, who at the time were involved in executing heretics and opponents in bloody ritual displays as part of the Spanish Inquisition. The over-emphasis on the role of human sacrifice has led to a distorted view of Aztec society: but it is also true that violence formed a regular and ritualized part of life in Tenochtitlan. Key Takeaways: Aztec Sacrifice Sacrifices were a regular and ritualized part of life in 15th- and 16th-century Aztec capital cities.  The numbers and extent of the practice were almost certainly inflated by Spanish conquistadors.  Reasonable estimates are between 1000 and 20,000 human sacrifices per year in Tenochitlan; the Spanish claimed much more.The main religious purpose was to renew and sustain life, and to communicate with the gods.  As a political tool, sacrifice was used terrorize Aztec subjects and legitimize the Aztec rulers and the state itself. How Common Was Human Sacrifice? As many Mesoamerican people did, the Aztec/Mexica believed that sacrifice to the gods was necessary to ensure the continuity of the world and the balance of the universe. They distinguished between two types of sacrifice: those involving humans and those involving animals or other offerings. Human sacrifices included both self-sacrifice, such as bloodletting, in which people would cut or perforate themselves; as well as the sacrifice of the lives of other human beings. Although both were quite frequent, the second one gained the Aztecs the fame of being a bloodthirsty and brutal people who worshiped cruel deities. Meaning of Aztec Sacrifices For the Aztecs, human sacrifice fulfilled multiple purposes, both at the religious and socio-political level. They considered themselves the â€Å"elected† people, the people of the Sun who had been chosen by the gods to feed them and by doing so were responsible for the continuity of the world. On the other hand, as the Mexica became the most powerful group in Mesoamerica, human sacrifice acquired the added value of political propaganda: requiring subject states to offer up human sacrifice was a way to maintain control over them. The rituals connected with the sacrifices included the so-called Flowery Wars intended not to kill the enemy but rather to obtain slaves and live war captives for sacrifices. This practice served to subjugate their neighbors and send a political message to both their own citizens as well as foreign leaders. A recent cross-cultural study by Watts et al. (2016) argued that human sacrifice also propped up and supported the elite class structure. But Pennock (2011) argues that to simply write off Aztecs as bloodthirsty and uncivilized mass murderers misses the central purpose of human sacrifice in Aztec society: as a deeply held belief system and part of the requirements for the renewal, sustaining and refreshing of life. Forms of Aztec Sacrifices Chac-Mool (divine messenger bearing offerings) in stone with traces of colour, Sanctuary of Tlaloc, Templo Mayor, Tenochtitlan (Mexico City), Mexico. Aztec civilization, ca 1390 CE. De Agostino / G. Dagli Orti / De Agostini Picture Library / Getty Images Plus Human sacrifice among the Aztec usually involved death by heart extraction. The victims were chosen carefully according to their physical characteristics and how they related to the gods to whom they would be sacrificed. Some gods were honored with brave war captives, other with slaves. Men, women, and children were sacrificed, according to the requirements. Children were specially chosen to be sacrificed to Tlaloc, the rain god. The Aztecs believed that the tears of newborn or very young children could ensure rain. The most important place where sacrifices took place was the Huey Teocalli at the Templo Mayor (Great Temple) of Tenochtitlan. Here a specialist priest removed the heart from the victim and threw the body down the steps of the pyramid; and the victims head was cut off and placed on the tzompantli, or skull rack. Mock Battles and Flowery Wars However, not all sacrifices took place on top of pyramids. In some cases, mock-battles were organized between the victim and a priest, in which the priest fought with real weapons and the victim, tied to a stone or a wooden frame, fought with wooden or feathered ones. Children sacrificed to Tlaloc were often carried to the god’s sanctuaries on top of the mountains that surround Tenochtitlan and the Basin of Mexico in order to be offered to the god. The chosen victim would be treated as a personification on earth of the god until the sacrifice took place. The preparation and purification rituals often lasted more than one year, and during this period the victim was taken care of, fed, and honored by servants. The Sun Stone of Motecuhzoma Ilhuicamina (or Montezuma I, who ruled between 1440-1469) is an enormous carved monument discovered at the Templo Mayor in 1978. It features elaborate carvings of 11 enemy city-states and likely served as a gladiatorial stone, a dramatic platform for gladiatorial combat between Mexica warriors and captives. Most ritual killings were practiced by religious specialists, but Aztec rulers themselves often took part in the dramatic ritual sacrifices such as the dedication of Tenochtitlans Templo Mayor in 1487. Ritual human sacrifice also took place during elite feasting, as part of a display of power and material wealth. Categories of Human Sacrifice Mexican archaeologist Alfredo Là ³pez Austin (1988) described four types of Aztec sacrifice: images, beds, owners of skin, and payments. Images (or ixpitla) are sacrifices in which the victim was costumed as a particular god, becoming transformed into the deity at a magic ritual time. These sacrifices repeated the ancient mythical time when a god died so his force would be reborn, and the death of the human-god impersonators allowed the rebirth of the god. The second category was what Là ³pez Austin called the beds of the gods, referring to retainers, those victims killed in order to accompany an elite personage to the underworld. The owners of skins sacrifice is that associated with Xipe Totec, those victims whose skins were removed and worn as costumes in rituals. These rituals also provided body part war trophies, in which the warriors who captured the victim were awarded a femur to display at home. Human Remains as Evidence Apart from the Spanish and indigenous texts describing rituals involving human sacrifice, there is also ample archaeological evidence for the practice. Recent investigations at the Templo Mayor have identified the burials of high-ranking personages who were ritually buried following cremation. But the majority of human remains found in Tenochtitlan excavations were sacrificed individuals, some beheaded and some with their throats cut. One offering at the Templo Mayor (#48) contained the remains of approximately 45 children sacrificed to  Tlaloc. Another at  Tlatelolcos Temple R, dedicated to the Aztec god of the rain, Ehecatl-Quetzalcoatl, contained 37 children and six adults. This sacrifice was carried out at Temple Rs dedication during the great drought and famine of 1454–1457 CE. The Tlatelolco project has identified thousands of human burials which were ritually deposited or sacrificially offered. In addition, evidence of human blood residue at the House of the Eagles in Tenochtitlans ceremonial precinct indicates bloodletting activities. Là ³pez Austins fourth category was sacrificial debt payments. These types of sacrifices are epitomized by the creation myth of Quetzalcoatl (the Feathered Serpent) and Tezcatlipoca (Smoking Mirror) who transformed into serpents and tore apart the earth goddess, Tlaltecuhtli, angering the rest of the Aztec pantheon. To make amends, the Aztecs needed to feed Tlaltecuhtlis endless hunger with human sacrifices, thereby staving off total destruction. How Many? According to some Spanish records, 80,400 people were slaughtered at the dedication of the Templo Mayor, a number likely exaggerated by either the Aztecs or the Spanish, both of whom had reason to inflate the numbers. The number 400 had a significance to Aztec society, meaning something like too many to count or the biblical notion involved in the word legion. There is no doubt that an unusually high number of sacrifices did occur, and 80,400 could be construed to mean 201 times too many to count. Based on the Florentine codex, scheduled rituals included a figure of around 500 victims a year; if those rituals were conducted in each of the calpulli districts of the city, that would be multiplied by 20. Pennock argues persuasively for an annual number of victims in Tenochtitlan of between 1,000 and 20,000. Edited and updated by K. Kris Hirst Sources Ball, Tanya Corissa. The Power of Death: Hierarchy in the Representation of Death in Pre- and Post-Conquest Aztec Codices. Multilingual Discourses 1.2 (2014): 1–34. Print.Berdan, Frances F. Aztec Archaeology and Ethnohistory. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014. Print.Boone, Elizabeth Hill, and Rochelle Collins. The Petroglyphic Prayers on the Sun Stone of Motecuhzoma Ilhuicamina. Ancient Mesoamerica 24.2 (2013): 225–41. Print.De Lucia, Kristin. Everyday Practice and Ritual Space: The Organization of Domestic Ritual in Pre-Aztec Xaltocan, Mexico. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 24.03 (2014): 379–403. Print.Klein, Cecelia F. Gender Ambiguity and the Toxcatl Sacrifice. Tezcatlipoca: Trickster and Supreme Deity. Ed. Baquedano, Elizabeth. Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2014. 135–62. Print.Là ³pez Austin, Alfredo. The Human Body and Ideology: Concepts of the Ancient Nahuas. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1988.Pennock, Caroline Dodds. Mass Murder or Religious Homicide? Rethinking Human Sacrifice and Interpersonal Violence in Aztec Society. Historical Social Research / Historische Sozialforschung 37.3 (141) (2012): 276–302. Print. Schwartz, Glenn M. The Archaeological Study of Sacrifice. Annual Review of Anthropology 46.1 (2017): 223–40. Print.Watts, Joseph, et al. Ritual Human Sacrifice Promoted and Sustained the Evolution of Stratified Societies. Nature 532.7598 (2016): 228–31. Print.